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Microbiology > Zoonotic or Vector Borne Infections of the CNS > Flashcards

Zoonotic or Vector Borne Infections of the CNS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

disease of vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to man; either directly or indirectly through an insect vector

A

zoonoses

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2
Q

if an insect vector is involved the disease is also known as an

A

arboviral disease

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3
Q

are all arboviral diseases zoonosis

A

no

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4
Q

two examples of viral zoonoses

A

rabies, hantaviruses

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5
Q

Rabies and Lymphocytic Choriormeningitis are viruses that are

A

directly transmitted to humans from other mammals

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6
Q

What form of vector transmission is most common.

A

Animal to Human, not Human to Human

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7
Q

Transmitted by mosquitoes (4)

A

West Nile, Dengue, Yellow Fever, St. Louis Encephalitis

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8
Q

cause of febrile illness and encephalitis in man and horses

A

West Nile Virus

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9
Q

West Nile was first discovered in the US

A

in New York in 1999

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10
Q

most common arboviral infection that we worry about in the US now

A

West Nile Virus

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11
Q

% of cases that are neuro-invasive

A

50%

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12
Q

Why might west nile cases vary year to year?

A

Amount of rain, mosquito populations, perhaps other factors

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13
Q

West Nile is transmitted by mosquitoes from this organism to humans and horses and other mammals (cattle, dogs, and cats).

A

Birds

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14
Q

Are humans and horses a normal part of the west nile life cycle or the SLE life cycle?

A

No, they normally go back and forth between birds and mosquitoes.

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15
Q

Are humans a good host for the west nile virus or SLE virus?

A

No, there is no viremia-so it is hard for mosquitoes to feed on us and pick up some of the virus (dead end host)

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16
Q

Only cases of human to human transmission of WNV found are from these behaviors

A

transfusions, organ transplant, breast feeding

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17
Q

West Nile Fever

A

mild illness 1/5 infected with WNV

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18
Q

symptoms of west nile fever

A

malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache (eye pain), myalgia, rash, lymphadenopathy

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19
Q

symptoms of neurological disease from WNV

A

encephalitis (mostly) and meningitis, fever, headache, weakness, GI disturbance, change in mental status, ataxia, seizures, disorientation, visual distrubances (progress to coma, paralysis)

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20
Q

WNV progression to neurological disease usually occurs in this population

A

the elderly

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21
Q

Dx: WNV

A

suspected in older adults who develop unexplained encephalitis or meningitis in summer or early fall, do serology of CSF fluid, usually against a panel of summertime arboviruses

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22
Q

Tx: WNV

A

treatment is supportive

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23
Q

Vaccine available for WNV?

A

vaccine for horses, but not humans

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24
Q

transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes that acquire virus from infected birds, horses can also serve as reservoirs

A

SLE

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25
Q

Found in temperate areas of the US in the late summer, early fall and year round in the southern US

A

SLE

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26
Q

SLE vaccine available?

A

no

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27
Q

Tx: SLE

A

supportive care (90% of severe disease requires hospitalization)

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28
Q

Leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia most are seropositive due to high exposure rate

A

Japanese Encephalitis Virus

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29
Q

transmitted to humans and other animals by mosquitoes that obtain the virus by infected rodents and birds-horses are major reservoirs

A

Togaviruses (alphaviruses)

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30
Q

significant causes of vector borne viral encephalitis in the US

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis

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31
Q

primarily occurs in South and Central America, but sporadic cases occur in the US

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

32
Q

usually preceed EEE human infection

A

equine epidemics

33
Q

30% fatality rate of those that develop clinical encephalitis, nay suffer permanent brain damage w/ some requiring permanent institutional care

A

EEE

34
Q

important cause of encephalitis in horses and humans in N. America mainly in Western parts of US and Canada

A

WEE

35
Q

WEE which populations are affected most severely

A

children affected more severely than adults and may be left with permanent neurological sequelae (mortality 3%)

36
Q

has caused large epidemics in both horses and humans and is predominatly found in South and Central America

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

37
Q

most infections are symptomatic-initially present with flu-like symptoms, children are more likely to have CNS involvement

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

38
Q

spread by inhalation of dried feces and urine from infected rodents

A

Hantaviruses

39
Q

Bunyaviruses

A

Hantaviruses, LaCrosse (California) Encephalitis Virus

40
Q

arbovirus that is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes and is a bunyavirus

A

LaCrosse Encephalitis Virus

41
Q

infections primarily occur in Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic states, mostly in children

A

LaCrosse Encephalitis Virus

42
Q

chipmunk and tree squirrel resevoirs

A

LaCrosse Encephalitis Virus

43
Q

prior to vaccination in the US hundreds of deaths occurred each year

A

rabies

44
Q

worldwide distribution excluding australia, great britain, and hawaii

A

rabies

45
Q

Why has there been such a decrease in the number of rabies cases in the US?

A

animal control and vaccination

46
Q

Often rabid in the US

A

skunks, fox, raccoon, mongoose (puerto rico)

47
Q

transmission of rabies

A

saliva-bites, contamination of mucous membranes, aerosol transmission, corneal transplants, exposure to infected dogs or bats

48
Q

prevention

A

post-exposure prophylaxis

49
Q

Is Rabies fatal?

A

Yes, once the patient has symptoms the patient will die it is just a matter of how quickly, usually within 2 weeks. (99.9% fatal)

50
Q

virus enters peripheral nerves and is transported to the CNS (sensory and motor nerves)

A

rabies virus

51
Q

incubation period of a few days to months starting with nonspecific flu-like signs and the virus rapidly disseminates within the CNS and spreads to peripheral nerves

A

rabies

52
Q

During cerebral infection, behavioral changes are seen-anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, insomnia, hydrophobia (50%), ending in coma and death

A

Rabies

53
Q

Prevention

A

vaccination of animals and high risk individuals (animal handlers, veterinarians)

54
Q

Tx:

A

1 dose of immune globulin and 5 doses of vaccine over a 28-day period.

55
Q

Dx:

A

usually post-mortum, presence of Negri bodies (distinct intracytoplasmic inclusions) in infected neurons, also serology and viral identification

56
Q

example of an arenavirus

A

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

57
Q

rodent-borne virus that can cause aseptic meningitis,encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis but most infections are asymptomatic or produce mild febrile illnesses

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

58
Q

pregnancy-related infection has been associated with abortion and neurological deficits

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

59
Q

transmission of LCMV

A

inhalation of rodent urine/feces/saliva, or ingesting food contaminated with the virus

60
Q

spread by the house mouse Mus musculus

A

LCMV

61
Q

biphasic: first phase includes fever, malaise, anorexia, muscle aches, headache, nausea, and vomiting. remission for a few days and then followed by a second phase including symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis

A

LCMV

62
Q

most patients recover completely and some have temporary or permanent neurological damage

A

LCMV

63
Q

cause slowly developing neurodegenerative diseases (spongiform encephalopathies)

A

prions

64
Q

cannabalistic tribes in New Guinea acquire this prion disease from ingesting brain and other neuronal tissue or handled it

A

Kuru ( a human spongiform encephalopathy)

65
Q

human spongiform encephalopathies

A

kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, gestermann-straussler-scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia

66
Q

animal spongiform encephalopathis

A

scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow), chronic wasting disease (mule deer, elk)

67
Q

infectious form of prion protein that has a globular conformation with beta-pleated sheets

A

PrPSC

68
Q

normal cellular prio-related protein that has an extended conformation containing numerous alpha-helicies

A

PrPC

69
Q

what happens to PrPc when exposed to PrPSc

A

Its released from the cell surface and converted to PrPSc-aggregates form and are internalized by neurons-neurons become vacuolated and amyloid plaques are deposited, also causes astrocyte and glial cell proliferation

70
Q

some spongiform encephalopathies are not infectious, but

A

inherited or spontaneously formed (thought to be due to mutations in the PrPc

71
Q

it is believed that those with vCJG became infected through their consumption of

A

cattle products contaminated with the agent of BSE

72
Q

incubation period of prion diseases

A

long-years to decades, death ensues rapidly (months) after symptoms appear

73
Q

symptoms include loss of muscle control, shivering, jerks, tremors, behavioral changes and dementia and is associated with an infectious protein

A

prion diseases

74
Q

Dx: prion diseases

A

postmortem histological examination of brain tissue-serological tests (difficult to distinguish PrPc from PrPsc)

75
Q

Tx: prion diseases

A

no current treatment for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Microbiology (8 decks)

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