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Microbiology > Bacterial Infections of the CNS II (meningitis and encephalitis) > Flashcards

Bacterial Infections of the CNS II (meningitis and encephalitis) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gram + cocci, grow in long chains, catalase negative, beta-hemolytic, group B,

A

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)

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2
Q

positive CAMP test

A

GBS (streptococcus agalactiae)

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3
Q

resistant to bacitracin

A

streptococcus agalactiae

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4
Q

common cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborns

A

GBS

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5
Q

more common in newborns and blacks

A

GBS meningitis

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6
Q

carriers have colonization of the lower GI tract and genitourinary tract, and some may have vaginal colonization leading to the development of early onset disease in infants

A

GBS maternal colonization

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7
Q

percentage of infants born of colonized mothers become colonized with the identical strain of GBS

A

50-60%

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8
Q

antibody mediated opsonization appears to be protective-in the absence of maternal antibodies the neonate is at risk

A

GBS meningitis

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9
Q

Amongst colonized newborns only 2% are symptomatic with early-onset sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis

A

GBS mother to infant transmission

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10
Q

bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis-respiratory distress, labored breathing, fever, lethargy, and irritability

A

early-onset GBS infection

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11
Q

GBS surviving neonates may experience

A

permanent neurological sequela- blindness, deafness, and mental retardation

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12
Q

meningitis is more common (also neurological complications) and survival rate is higher

A

late-onset GBS infection

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13
Q

GBS infection dx:

A

clinical signs and identify the organisms

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14
Q

GBS Tx:

A

penicillin

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15
Q

leading infectious cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality

A

GBS early-onset disease

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16
Q

prevention of perinatal GBS disease

A

universal screening of all pregnant women at 35-36 weeks gestation, intrapartum antibiotics (penicillin) more than 4 hours before delivery

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17
Q

gram-negative rod, requires hemin (x) and NAD (V) for growth on chocolate agar, polysaccharide capsule (6 types) type B has poly-ribitol phosphat capsule (PRP)

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

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18
Q

prior to vaccination was responsible for 95% of all invasive disease (Haemophilus influenzae) was due to

A

type B

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19
Q

encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae cause

A

meningitis and epiglottitis

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20
Q

non-encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae cause

A

pinkeye, otitis media, sinusitis

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21
Q

leading cause of pediatric meningitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

22
Q

Haemophilus influenzae type B tx/dx

A

same as other bacterial meningitis agents

23
Q

Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis

A

non-conjugated vaccine (poorly immunogenic in kids and no booster response) conjugated (anti-PRP antibodies, highly immunogenic can vaccinate at 2 months)

24
Q

gram-positive rod, anaerobic, spore forming (terminal drumstick), tetanospasmin toxin

A

Clostridium tetani

25
Q

causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

26
Q

spores common in soil and in feces of domestic animals

A

clostridium tetani

27
Q

How do Clostridium tetani infect humans?

A

spores enter the body through wound contamination or traumatic inoculation, also through the umbilical stump

28
Q

What type of toxin is the tetanus toxin?

A

A-B toxin, B binds to motor neurons-internalized and transported to spinal cord

29
Q

Clostridium tetani causes this type of paralysis

A

Spastic paralysis

30
Q

inactivates the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

tetanospasmin

31
Q

early signs include “lock jaw” (trismus), neck stiffness, difficulty swallowing, abdominal muscle rigidity

A

Clostridium tetani-tetanus

32
Q

symptoms of tetanus progress to

A

generalized muscle spasms including severe back spasms

33
Q

death in tetanus usually occurs due to

A

respiratory failure

34
Q

Why is tetanus difficult to detect

A

the toxin is bound to neurons and the organism is difficult to grow

35
Q

Tx: tetanus

A

administer immunoglobulin, vaccinate with tetanus toxoid (REMOVE ANY UNBOUND TOXIN!)

36
Q

Is the binding of the toxin reversible (tetanus)?

A

no it is irreversible-symptoms resolve as new axonal termini are generated

37
Q

mortality rate of tetanus if untreated is roughly

A

15-60%

38
Q

Prevention of Clostridium tetani-tetanus

A

vaccination with tetanus toxid (DTaP)

39
Q

When should you begin vaccinating for tetanus?

A

at 2 months with booster every ten years

40
Q

gram-positive rod, anaerobic, spore forming-terminal, botulinum toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

41
Q

Where are clostridium botulinum spores found?

A

soil, meat fish, veggies, improperly canned food

42
Q

typically not an infection, but an intoxication (absorbed from gut into the blood stream

A

botulism

43
Q

What kind of toxin is botulinum toxin?

A

A-B, B binds and A enters motor neuron, A blocks the release of acetylcholine, blocks stimulation of the muscle

44
Q

Clostridium botulinum causes this type of paralysis

A

flaccid paralysis

45
Q

Symptoms of Botulism (occur after 12 to 72 hrs post toxin ingestion)

A

nausea, dry mouth, blurred vision, involuntary eye movement, descending muscle paralysis

46
Q

gram-positive rod (cocccobacillus), motile, found in water, soil, and the feces/GI tract of many animals

A

Listeria monocytogenes

47
Q

infection usually a result of consumption of contaminated foods especially milk, soft cheese, poultry, and deli meats

A

Listeria monocytogenes

48
Q

commonly causes meningitis in immunosuppressed individuals and pregnant women (5-10% of meningitis in older adults, 5-10% neonatal meningitis)

A

Listeria monocytogenes

49
Q

infection in utero can result in stillbirth, premature delivery

A

Listeria monocytogenes

50
Q

primarily a disease of the lung, but may infect the CNS-meningitis, brain abscess-chronic disease develops slowly!

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

51
Q

most patients with meningitis caused by this agent have clinical historic evidence of pulmonary disease

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

52
Q

Staph aureus can cause these CNS complications

A

meningitis following bacteremia, brain abscesses from traumatic inoculation or surgery

Microbiology (8 decks)

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