Zoonotic Diseases

Question 1

zoonosis

Answer 1

any infectious disease that may be transmitted from animal to humans, or from humans to animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis)

Question 2

reservoirs

Answer 2

+/- signs of the disease, harbors the disease

Question 3

“dead-end” hosts

Answer 3

sick but unable to transmit infection to other

Question 4

roughly___infectious diseases of humans,____of which are zoonotic

Answer 4

300+

178

Question 5

what to consider

Answer 5

what the source/cause of disease was
how it was transmitted
what preemptive measures can be taken/implemented to limit or prevent transmission
what measures should be taken if exposure occurs

Question 6

pox virus

Answer 6

two types:

• contagious ecthyma (orf)-Parapoxvirus
• monkey pox-Orthopoxvirus

Question 7

contagious ecthyma (orf)-Parapoxvirus

Answer 7

• orf virus is a small blister with a red border
• -Parapoxvirus of sheep, goats, wild ungulates
• -Epithelial proliferation and necrosis of skin and mucous membranes of urogenital and GI tracts
• -Reservoir: endemic in sheep and goat herds; young animals affected more severely
• -Transmission: humans affected by direct contact with scabs and exudates from lesions:
• –Fomite transmission possible
• –Extended environmental persistence
• -Clinical signs:
• –Animal: proliferative, pustular encrustations on lips, nostrils, mm of oral cavity, and urogenital orifices
• –Humans: often solitary lesions on hands, arms, or face; may be several nodules
• –They are weeping proliferative lesions with ventral umbilication
• —After 3-6 weeks regress with little scarring
• –Regional lymphadenopathy is uncommon
• -Not treatable

Question 8

arbovirus

Answer 8

• Arthropod vector
• Can cause encephalitis or hemorrhagic disease
• Humans may be dead-end host, or reservoir for infection
• Arthro-Borne Viral Diseases (Arboviral)
• -venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis

Question 9

hemorrhagic fever

Answer 9

four types:

• marbug virus disease
• flaviviruses
• ebola/filovirus infections
• hantaviruses

Question 10

marbug virus disease

Answer 10

• “Vervet Monkey Disease”-African Green Monkey
• First outbreak in Germany in 1967
• Filovirus, natural reservoir has not been determined
• Transmission from direct contact with infectd tissues; possibly aerosol

Question 11

flaviviruses

Answer 11

-yellow fever and dengue

Question 12

ebola/filovirus infections

Answer 12

• ebola-zaire and ebola-sudan
• high mortality rate in NHP especially western lowland gorillas(death 8-14 days)
• humans: zaire mortality 90%, sudan 60%
• reservoid: wild giant fruit bats

Question 13

hanta viruses

Answer 13

• Transmission:
• -Inhalation of infectious aerosols
• -Rodents shed virus in respiratory secretions, saliva, urine, feces
• -Animal bite, wound contamination, conjunctival exposure