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ASCI 171 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

extend

A

increase the angle formed by a hinge joint

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2
Q

flex

A

decrease the angle formed by a hinge joint

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3
Q

abduction

A

move the limb away from the body

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4
Q

adduct

A

move the limb toward the body

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5
Q

supinate

A

rotate the limb so the dorm of the manus (or pes) is turned laterally

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6
Q

pronate

A

rotate the limb so the dorm of the manus (or pes) is turned medially

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7
Q

respiratory system

A

the respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and eliminating waster gases such as carbon dioxide

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8
Q

dog and cat respiratory system

A
  • because dogs and cats do not sweat through the skin, the respiratory system also plays an important role in regulation of temperature
  • external respiration=exchange of O2 and CO2 that takes place between the air inhaled and lungs
  • internal respiration=occurs throughout the entire body and is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries and the cells and tissues of the body
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9
Q

parts of the upper respiratory system

A
  • nostrils
  • nasal passages
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea
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10
Q

nasal passages

A

“condition the air”

  • nasal septum
  • nasal turbinates
  • frontal sinus
  • lined with columnar epithelium with cilia that that project through a layer of mucous produced by goblet cells and glands
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11
Q

sinuses or paranasal sinuses

A
  • “out pockets” of nasal passages that are found within the spaces in certain skull bones (frontal and maxillary)
  • some other animals and humans have more than these (spend and ethnoid)
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12
Q

pharynx

A
  • common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems

- at caudal end opens dorsally to the esophagus and ventrally into the larynx

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13
Q

larynx

A

includes the epiglottis: which when the animal swallows is pulled back to cover the opening to the larynx, which directs swallowed material dorsally to the opening of the esophagus

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14
Q

trachea

A
  • extends from the larynx ventrally through the neck region into the thorax where it divides and becomes the two main bronchi that enters the lungs
  • bifurcation occurs at the level of the heart
  • tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by hyaline cartilage rings (incomplete rings with the opening facing dorsally)
  • also has ciliated epithelium
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15
Q

parts of the lower respiratory tract

A
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • alveolar sac
  • hilus
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16
Q

what is the hilus

A

a depression or put at the part of an organ where vessels and nerves enter

17
Q

alveoli

A
  • where the actual respiration takes place, rest of system is there just to move the air in and out
  • lined with surfactant, which reduces the surface tension, prevents the alveoli from collapse
18
Q

lungs

A
  • base of the lungs lies on the cranial diaphragm (thin muscle separating thorax from abdomen)
  • divided into lobes: (dogs) left lung has 2 (cranial and caudal), right lung has four (cranial, caudal, middle, and a small accessory lobe)
  • cows, dogs, sheep, cats, pigs, goats…all same “layout”
  • horses have only one lobe in their left lung and have one major lobe plus accessory in the right
19
Q

thorax

A
  • pleura
  • visceral pleura
  • parietal pleura
  • pleural fluid
  • mediastinum
20
Q

the area between the lungs the___

A

mediastinum

21
Q

the mediastinum contains

A
  • heart
  • major blood vessels
  • nerves
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • lymphatic verse;s
  • lymph nodes
22
Q

negative pressure

A
  • the pressure within the thorax is negative with respect to atmospheric pressure
  • partial vacuum
  • as the thoracic wall moves so do the lungs, this is a passive movement
  • bellows system
23
Q

inspiration and expiration

A
  • diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (inspiration)

- internal intercostal and abdominals (expiration)

24
Q

phneumothorax

A
  • no ned pressure=no breathing
  • of air leaks into the pleural space the vacuum is lost
  • presence of free air in this space is called pneumothorax
  • results in change in lung position
  • can cause lung collapse
  • pressure on lung
  • dyspnea: cardiac changes, membrane changes, how to diagnose, treatment

ASCI 171 (10 decks)

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