Zoonotic Diseases

Question 1

What is the primary host, and the intermediate host of Taenia Solium?

Answer 1

primary: humans
intermediate: pigs

Question 2

What are the different forms of Taenia Solum, and how are each transmitted?

Answer 2

Porcine cysticercosis: pigs ingest eggs, cysts in muscle
Human taeniasis: humans eat cysts in pork, adult tapeworm in GI tract
Human cystircercosis: humans ingest eggs
Neurocysticercosis: larvae encyst in brain

Question 3

How is Taenia Solum transmitted to people?

Answer 3

Taeniasis: eating under-cooked infected pork
Neurocysticercosis: self infection, fecal, food, or water contamination

Question 4

How do we prevent Taenia Solium?

Answer 4

• target vehicles
• proper cooking/handling of raw pork
• block transmission: hygiene
• treat people with tapeworms
• sewage management

Question 5

What is Giardiasis?

Answer 5

• parasitic disease
• has one host life cycle: consume cysts, trophozites form and produce cysts
• chronic diarrhea in people

Question 6

How is Giardiasis transmitted?

Answer 6

consumption of cysts

- water and surface of food contamination

Question 7

How do we prevent Giardiasis?

Answer 7

• water and sewage treatment

- wash or peel veggies and fruit

Question 8

What is Rabies?

Answer 8

• an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis
• caused by RNA virusus
• highest fatality, oldest disease
• furious form and dumb form

Question 9

What are the principle reservoirs of Rabies?

Answer 9

Carnivora (canids, skunks, raccoons, mongoose) and Chiroptera (bats)

Question 10

How do we prevent Rabies?

Answer 10

• surveillance of human and animal
• reduce animal reservoir by vaccination and control of feral populations
• reduce human risk with post exposure measures, vaccination, and education

Question 11

What is Hantavirus?

Answer 11

Bunyaviridae: enveloped ssRNA viruses

Question 12

What is the reservoir of Hantavirus?

Answer 12

rodents who are asymptomatic

Question 13

How is Hantavirus transmitted?

Answer 13

• rodents shed virus in saliva, urine, and feces
• primarily aerosol: inhalation
• can be direct or indirect
• secondary transmission via bite

Question 14

What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and what are its clinical signs in humans?

Answer 14

• new world disease
• fever, chills, myalgia, headache
• increased vascular permeability in lungs
• fatal in 40% of cases

Question 15

What is Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, and what are its clinical signs in humans?

Answer 15

• old world disease caused by Hantavirus
• petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, and cardiovascular shock
• fatal in 15% of cases

Question 16

How do we prevent Hantavirus?

Answer 16

reduce human and rodent contact

Question 17

What is Anthrax?

Answer 17

• spore forming bacterium

- mostly effects cattle

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of Cattle Anthrax?

Answer 18

• bleeding from all orifices
• swelling
• sudden death

Question 19

How is Anthrax transmitted?

Answer 19

• inhalation of spores from soil or fomites
• herbivores: ingest spores in soil
• carnivores: eat infected herbivores
• veterinarians: aerosol of percutaneous exposure to blood of infected animal

Question 20

How do we control Anthrax?

Answer 20

• no necropsy on suspected cases
• animal vaccination
• burn infected carcasses
• inform health officials
• advise exposed people to wash hands and iodine immersion

Question 21

What are the types of Brucellocis?

Answer 21

• Brucella melitensis: most pathogenic to people, goat-farming regions
• Brucella abortus: more pathogenic to people, cattle, horses, and pigs
• Brucella suis: less pathogenic to people, pigs
• Brucella canis: less pathogenic to people

Question 22

What are the clinical signs of Brucellocis in humans?

Answer 22

• undulant fever, Malta fever, or Bangs fever
• recurring fever, can last for months
• abortions can occur
• pleiomorphic symptims: neurologic, endocarditis, chronic fatigue

Question 23

How is Brucellocis transmitted?

Answer 23

• ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation
• aborted placenta, fetal fluids
• unpasteurized milk
• blood, urine, semen, feces, vaginal secretions
• contaminated feed/water

Question 24

How do we control Brucellocis?

Answer 24

• eliminate reservoir
• monitor swine
• pasteurization of milk

Question 25

What is Borreliosis?

Answer 25

• tick transmitted spirochetes
• Lyme disease: Ixodes, hard ticks
• Relapsing fever type: soft ticks

Question 26

Describe Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 26

• Lyme disease
• vectored by Ixodes sp. hard ticks
• reservoir: sylvatic rodents
• disease in people, dogs, and horses

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi?

Answer 27

• acute: febrile illness, myalgia, arthralgia

- chronic: cardiovascular, neurological, joint problems

Question 28

Explain the exposure of Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 28

• outdoor activities
• ticks must be attached for 48 hours to transmit the disease
• infected dogs can serve as domestic sources of infected ticks

Question 29

How do we prevent Borreliosis?

Answer 29

• avoid direct contact with ticks
• apply tick repellent
• remove ticks from body, pets, and clothes

Question 30

Describe West Nile Virus

Answer 30

• genus: Flavivirus
• maintained in mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle
• horse and humans are dead-end hosts
• after infection, develop life-long immunity

Question 31

How is West Nile Virus transmitted?

Answer 31

• mosquito bites infected bird and picks it up
• secondary transmission through blood-borne infection, lab exposure, and breast milk
• not spread through handling dead/ill birds

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of West Nile Virus in horses?

Answer 32

neurologic: ataxia, hypermetria, weakness, recumbency, peri- or tetraporesis, death

Question 33

What are the clinical signs of West Nile Virus in humans?

Answer 33

• most are asymptomatic
• 20% develop mild febrile illness
• 1/150 develop neuroinvasive disease
• 10% are fatal