Zoonoses (Leo) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a transboundary animal disease? Give some examples.
A
“Highly contagious and transmissible epidemic diseases of livestock which have the capability for rapid spread to new areas and regions regardless of national borders and have serious socio-economic and public health consequences.” e.g Anthrax, Avian Influenza, Hendra, Rabies, Q fever
2
Q
Why are transboundary animal diseases significant to trade?
A
- Risk of loss of international trade
- This robs people of income and nutrition
3
Q
Give some examples of zoonotic diseases that are notifiable in human medicine
A
Hendra, Anthrax, Avian Influenza
4
Q
Define food hygiene
A
All conditions and measures necessary to ensure safety and suitability of food of animal origin
5
Q
What is inspection?
A
Examination and evaluation of animals, animal products by an authorised person prior to completing a certificate
6
Q
What is certification?
A
Official document by vet which verifies health status of animals and safety of animal products
7
Q
What is the purpose of the WOAH and CODEX?
A
Create standards for safe international trade
8
Q
What is global health?
A
An area for study, research, practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide
9
Q
What is the role FSANZ?
A
Develops food standards
10
Q
What are the three main categories of hazards in vet science?
A
Biological e.g parasites, viruses
Chemical e.g allergens, Pesticide residues
Physical e.g metal, glass
11
Q
What are the 4 steps of a risk assessment?
A
- Hazard identification
- Hazard characterisation
- Exposure assessment
- Risk characterisation
12
Q
What is the public health risk of splitting a bovine carcass down the dorsal midline?
A
Exposes spinal tissue –> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
13
Q
What is xenotransplantation
A
Transplant into human of tissues from non-human source
14
Q
What % of human pathogens are zoonotic?
A
60%
15
Q
What % of emerging diseases are zoonotic?
A
75%
16
Q
List some of the drivers of emerging infectious diseases
A
- International travel
- Urbanisation
- Pop growth
- Fragmentation of wildlife pops
- Changing patterns of human-wildlife interactions
- Climate change
- Increased companion animal ownership
17
Q
Describe the 5 stages of evolution to zoonoses
A
Stage 1: exclusive to animals
Stage 2: primary human infections only
Stage 3: limited human-to-human trans
Stage 4: sustained human-to-human trans
Stage 5: exclusive to humans
18
Q
List 5 ways in which wildlife may be involved in zoonotic disease
A
- Translocation
- Bushmeats
- Wet markets
- Ecotourism
- Wildlife carers
19
Q
Describe the epidemiology of ebola virus
A
- affects primates
- spread via direct contact, blood or body fluids
- can survive in dead host
20
Q
List 3 zoonotic diseases that are transmitted by biting/sucking insects
A
- Chikungunya virus
- West Nile virus
- Leishmaniasis
21
Q
Who are the at risk groups for contracting a zoonotic disease?
A
YOPI: young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised
22
Q
How can you prevent spread of Echinococcus?
A
- worm dogs
- don’t feed dogs offal
- reduce numbers of stray dogs
- improve hygiene
- vacc for sheep
23
Q
How can you prevent the spread of hookworms?
A
- worm dogs and cats
- don’t let kids play where faeces likely
- cover up sand pits
- scoop poop
24
Q
How can you be infected with Toxoplasmosis?
A
- eating undercooked or contaminated meat
- accidental ingestion through poor hand hygiene
- drinking water
- cat faeces
- mother-to-child
- organ or blood transplant
25
Which bacteria causes cat scratch fever?
Bartonella henselae
26
How can you prevent kids from getting cat scratch fever?
- don't play rough with cats or kittens
- wash cat bites and scratches immediately with soap and water
- don't let cats lick open wounds
- cover open wounds
- control fleas
27
How can you prevent contracting "parrot fever" or Psittacosis?
- hand hygiene
- avoid kissing birds
- clean cages regularly
- wear P2 mask, gloves when cleaning
- dampen bird droppings or cages
28
How can you contract Rabbit fever or Francisella tularensis?
- vector
- skin contact with infected animals
- bites or scratches from infected animals
- drink contaminated water or undercooked meat
- inhale contaminated dust or aerosols
29
What are the forms of disease caused by Yersinia pestis (black plague)?
1. bubonic: swelling of LNs
2. pneumonic: resp distress
3. septicaemic: DIC --> necrosis
30
How can you prevent the spread of Yersiniosis?
- remove rodent friendly habitats
- wear gloves for game, wild animal or pet food supplies
- wear repellent to decrease exposure to flea bites (DEET)
- use flea prevention on pets
- vacc for humans
31
What bacteria causes fish tank granuloma?
Mycobacterium marinum
32
Describe the food poisoning chain in relation to bacteria
Source of bacteria >> bacteria transferred to food >> food, pH, moisture, oxygen conditions >> time and temp >> contaminated food eaten >> food poisoning
33
Discuss the two main forms of Bacillus cereus derived illness in humans
1. Diarrhoeal food poisoning: ingest bacteria growing in contaminated food, onset after 6-15 hrs
2. Emetic: ingest pre-formed toxin cereulide, onset after 0.5-5 hrs, starchy foods that have been cooked incorrectly
34
How can you prevent food poisoning with Bacillus cereus?
Keep food at <4 C or >60 C
35
How can infections with Campy by controlled?
- Cook chicken correctly
- Hygiene when handling raw chicken
- Decreased stocking density on farm
- Avoid faecal contamination during slaughter
- Hygiene on farm and abbattoir
- Reduce rodent populations
- Ensure proper PPE and hygiene for farm workers
36
Describe three sequelae of Campy in humans
1. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
2. Reactive arthritis (ReA)
3. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
37
What are the main forms of botulism seen in humans?
1. Classic food-borne
2. Infant
3. Wound
38
What is the difference between intoxication and toxicoinfection?
Intoxication: ingest toxin
Toxicoinfection: ingest spores >> toxin production in GIT or anaerobic wounds
39
How can you prevent food-borne botulism
1. Spores destroyed during canning 121 C x 20 mins
2. Inactivated by heating to 80 C
3. Children <1 yrs do not feed honey
40
How long after ingesting Listeria can symptoms occur?
3-70 days
41
Describe two forms of Listeriosis in humans
1. Febrile gastoenteritis: fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, joint and muscle pain
2. Invasive infection: meningitis, meningoencephalitis, bacteraemia
42
How can Listeria be controlled on farm and in processing?
On farm
- silage rapidly acidified to pH <4
- reduce standing water
- reduce faecal contamination during milking
Processing
- correct pasteurisation
- store below 5 degrees
43
How can Listeria be controlled by retails and consumers?
Retail
- maintain proper storage and display temps
- separate ready to eat food and raw food of animal origin
- disinfecting
Consumers
- store food correctly
- at risk people should be aware of how to reduce their risk
44
What is VTEC and what does it cause?
Verotoxin producing E. coli, causes haemorrhagic colitis or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (acute renal failure in children)
45
What are the main reservoirs for Salmonella?
- GIT (faeces and env)
- Asymp. carriers
- Undercooked eggs and poultry
- During slaughter
46
What is the main sequela of Salmonella?
Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome)
47
Why is Salmonella Enteritidis of particular importance on poultry farms?
Infects the oviducts of poultry and is vertically transmitted (INSIDE egg)
48
How can you control infections with Trichinosis?
- Wash hands after handling raw meat
- Cook meat properly
- Freeze pork
- Don't swill feed or allow pigs to scavenge
- Meat inspection: diaphragms of pigs routinely sampled
49
How can you control infections with Taenia?
- Hygiene
- Prevent contact with human faeces
- Irrigation
- Toilets available
- Wash hands
- Abattoir inspection
- Cook meat well
- Freeze beef
50
How can humans contract Toxoplasmosis?
- Eating undercooked meat
- Contaminated water
- Unpasteurised milk
- Unwashed veggies
- Insects
- Organ transplant
51
How can you prevent Leptospirosis?
- vacc animals
- cover cuts when handling animals, soil, animal feed, veg
- wash hands
- clean workplace and home to discourage rodents
- keep animals away from living and recreational areas
52
How are humans infected with Leptospira?
- Exposure to animal urine or water with urine
- Skin contact with infected aborted material
- Ingestion/contact with contaminated soil, water, food
53
How are humans infected with Q fever?
- ingest dust particles
- contact with waste products
- contact with soiled straw, wool, hair
- handle infective placental tissue
- consume unpasteurised milk
54
How can you decrease the risk of contracting Q fever?
- vacc
- hand hygiene and PPE
- P2 mask
55
What is the phrase for preventing Lepto?
"wash up, cover up, clean up"
56
What is Wallace's line?
Separates Aus and Asian ecozones >> very little migration across
57
How can you control infections with influenza?
Animals:
- surveillance
- culling
- vacc
- quarantine
- prevent contact with wild birds
Humans:
- education
- communication
- hygiene
58
What is the vector for JEV?
Culex mosquitoes
59
Describe the clinical signs of JEV in pigs and horses
Pigs
- SMEDI
- orchitis in boars
Horses
- fever, jaundice, lethargy, neuro
60
How can JEV be prevented?
- human vacc
- mosquito repellent (DEET)
- PPE
- stay indoors at dawn and dusk
- remove things that retain water
- mosquito nets
- rugs for horses
61
How is BSE controlled in Aus?
- Meat and bonemeal ban since 1966
- Ban on feeding any mammalian materials to ruminants since 1999
- National TSEs Freedom Assurance Program (TSEFAP): surveillance and testing
62
Compare the mortality rates of different ways of contracting anthrax
Inhalation: 100%
Ingestion: 50%
Cutaneous: low
63
How can Brucellosis be contracted?
Contact with infected tissues and discharges, also inhalation
64
How can Brucellosis be controlled?
- Cover open wounds
- PPE
- Clean working areas
- Feral pig control
- Water reticulation
65
How can Hendra be prevented?
- vacc for horses
- use PPE
- remove horses from areas with flying foxes
- clean and sanitise feed and water bins
- isolate sick horses
- avoid contact with sick horses
66
How can humans contract Nipah virus?
Eating fruits eaten by infected bats and birds
67
Describe the signs of Nipah virus in pigs and humans
Pigs
- harsh explosive cough and other resp signs
- convulsions, death
- mucopurulent discharge from nose
Humans
- fever, headache, encephalitis
- drowsiness, confusion, coma
- resp fail
- mort up to 40%
68
Is there a vaccine for Nipah virus? How can it be diagnosed?
No.
PCR and ELISA, viral isolation
69
How can Melioidosis be contracted? What are the signs in humans? In sheep/goats/pigs?
Through skin wounds, aspiration, ingestion of water, soil, dust
Humans
- pneumonia
- septicaemia
- skin abscesses or ulcers
- neuro illness
Sheep/goats/pigs
- caseous lung abscesses
- pneumonia
- high fever, cough
- ocular and nasal discharge
- lameness and arthritis
- encephalitis
70
How can Melioidosis be prevented?
- if high risk, avoid contact with standing water
- wear boots with agricultural work
- wear gloves, mask, gown
- no vacc
- keep livestock out of flooded pastures + treat wounds, keep dry and covered
71
How the risks of open farms be reduced?
- hand wash, sanitiser
- keep away from eating areas and other livestock
- clean area, remove faeces
- bedding that can be removed
- exclude sick animals
- signage
- keep species separate
- vacc animals
- boundary fence/containment
- boot mat
72
Define bioterrorism
Intentional release of pathogens to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants
73
List some of the losses and expenditures of animal disease
Losses
- loss of production
- deaths
- fertility reduced
- delayed sales
- loss of market
Expenditures
- vaccines
- feeding
- insecticides
- new stock
- costs to regain market access
- husbandry costs
