Canine and Feline Infectious disease Flashcards
Describe Pelger-Huet anomaly. Which dog breeds does it occur in?
Granulocytes have nuclei that are not lobed.
Occurs in Aus shepherds, Cocker spaniels
Which dog breed is commonly known to have Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency? Explain the disease and the symptoms
Irish setters
Integrin deficiency which prevents neutrophils from being able to dock for extravasion = can’t leave BV (high blood leukocyte counts)
Results in fever, decreased healing ability, susceptibility to infection
In which dog breed does Canine cyclic neutropaenia commonly occur? Describe the disease
Grey collies
Cycles of neutropaenia every 11-12 days due to mutation in APB31 gene which results in neutrophil elastase deficiency
List 4 viral diseases that suppress bone marrow
- Feline panleukopaenia
- Canine parvo
- Canine distemper
- Feline leukaemia
FIP develops from which virus? Which cells does it mutate in?
Feline coronavirus.
Mutates in monocytes
Describe some of the signs of FIP
- fever, lethary, anorexia
- neuro signs
- hyperbilirubinaemia and icterus**
- elevated globulin**
Describe the treatments of FIP since 2017
- Remdesevir25 (pro-drug of GS441524)
- GS441524
- Mefloquine 21: if owner can’t afford others
How quickly can you expect the signs of FIP to resolve after treatment?
- Pyrexia in days
- Effusion in 1-3 wks
- Anaemia in a few weeks
- Hyperglobinaemia in 6wks
Describe some of the adverse effects of FIP treatment
- increase in ALT
- eosinphilia, lymphocytosis
- nausea or lethargy after IV injection
- worsening pleural effusion
- initial worsening hyperglobulinaemia
Compare the transmission of FIV and Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
FIV: cat bites
FeLV: saliva ie bowl sharing, grooming
List 3 causes of feline snuffles
- Feline rhinotracheitis (FHV1)
- Feline calici
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
How is feline herpesvirus 1 transmitted and what does it cause?
Droplets
Ocular lesions, sneezing
Describe the clinical signs of canine parvo
- haemorrhagic diarrhoea***
- vomiting
Describe the pathogenesis of canine parvo
damage enterocytes at base of villi»_space; loss of microvilli and gut lining
Describe the ways in which you can diagnose canine parvo
- CBC: neutropaenia
- check electrolytes: hypokalaemia
- check glucose: hypoglycaemia
- antigen lateral flow ELISA
- electron microscopy
How can you treat canine parvo?
- IV fluids
- potassium supp
- glucose IV
- antibiotics
- pain control?
How is canine distemper spread?
- oronasal route
- shed in resp secretions, vomit, faeces
Describe the clinical signs of canine distemper
- enamel hypoplasia
- hard foot pads
- hyperkeratosis of nose
- fever, nasal discharge, diarrhoea
How can you diagnose canine distemper?
- inclusions in RBCs, neuts, macs
- serology (complicated by vacc, need to indicate rising titres)
- viral isolation
- RT-PCR
- CDV antigen testing kits
Which virus causes infectious canine hepatitis or “blue eye”? What is the route of infection?
Canine adenovirus 1
Oronasal route
Describe the pathogenesis of CAV1
- rep in endothelium, hepatocytes
- hepatitis, haemorrhage
- systemic inflam syndrome
- DIC
- haemorrhagic viraemic syndrome
Describe the clinical signs of CAV1 and how “blue eye” occurs
- vomiting, anorexia
- fever
- neuro signs, seizures
- blue eye: endothelium in cornea allows water into stroma (corneal oedema)
How can you diagnose and prevent CAV1
Diag: PCR, unvacc, signs
Prevention: vacc
List 3 pathogens associated with Kennel cough complex
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Canine parainfluenza
- Canine herpesvirus
- CAV2
- Canine distemper
Describe the clinical signs of kennel cough
- dry unproductive cough
- bright and alert
- irritable trachea
Under what circumstances may you suspect lepto?
- risks: farm dogs, rural env, wet env
- acute renal and/or liver fail
- systemic illness esp if thrombocytopaenia
- uveitis/ocular lesions
List some of the ways in which you can diagnose lepto
- MAT (microagglutination test): can detect sergroup
- ELISA: IgM Ab test
- PCR
- dark field microscopy
- bacterial culture (slow)
How can you treat lepto?
- fluids, electrolytes
- penicillin, doxycycline
- PPE, discard urine
Is there a vacc for lepto?
Yes but hard to vacc as many serovars, need annual booster
Describe the pathogenesis of Feline panleukopaenia virus
- faecal-oral route
- GIT: sloughing, haemorrhage
- BM: lymphopaenia, neutropaenia, anaemia, thrombocytosis
Describe some of the clinical signs of Feline panleukopaenia virus
- vomiting, diarrhoea»_space; haemorrhagic
- dehydration
- anorexia
- fever
- pallor
How can you diagnose Feline panleukopaenia virus?
- Ag ELISA
- PCR
Compare 4 types of vaccines
Modified live
= weakened form of infectious agent
- cause mild infection
- more likely to cause side effects
- strong immunity
Killed
- req adjuvants to make them “visible” to immune system
- weaker immunity
- side effects less likely
Recombinant
= path DNA packaged into vector (can rep but not produce disease)
- can’t induce disease
Molecular
Which are the core vaccines for dogs? How often should you revacc?
CAV, canine distemper, canine parvo
Every 3 years
What are the core vaccines for cats? How often should they be revacc?
Feline panleukopaenia, FHV1, feline calici
Every 3 years
At what ages should puppies and kittens be vacc?
6, 12, 16 wks and 1 year
What is the potential issue with FeLV vaccine?
- Can cause injection site sarcoma which need to be removed with 5cm margin
- Hard to choose site: legs, tail, skin over ab best
- Hard to administer into leg or tail
List some of the arguments for and against annual boosters
For
- better compliance (less confusing for owners)
- coincide with annual health check
- increases vaccine coverage
- reduce risk of outbreaks
Against
- unnecessary for most core vacc
- stim immune system unnecessarily could induce autoimmunity
- increased cost for owner
- masks importance of regular vet checks
