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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Why is CP content of hay less and NDF more compared to pasture and silage?

A

Hay crop is allowed to mature to early phase 3 growth

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2
Q

Why is the true protein of silage less than pasture?

A

fermentation by microorganisms converts some aa in silage to ammonia (NON-PROTEIN N)

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3
Q

Why is the ME content of hay and silage lower compared to pasture?

A

Resp and ferm oxidises some cell soluble components to CO2

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4
Q

List 3 benefits of feeding straw to feedlot ruminants

A
  1. Give them something to do (chew)
  2. Increase saliva production (buffer)
  3. Increase rumen function by increasing amount of long fibre roughage
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5
Q

Why is the CP content of straw much lower and NDF much higher compared to other forages?

A

Straw is allowed to grow to phase 4 before grain harvested, more mature = CP translocates from leaf to grain, NDF content of stem increases

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6
Q

What are the NDF and ADF requirements for a dairy cow, a feedlot grower and a feedlot finisher?

A

Dairy cow: 35-35% of diet
Feedlot grower: 20% of diet
Feedlot finisher: 15% of diet

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7
Q

What minerals could you add to the diet to increase Ca and Mg?

A

Dolomitic limestone, limestone, dolomite, causmag

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8
Q

Name a source of potassium that can be added to a diet

A

Anhydrous DCP

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9
Q

Why is glutamine needed in larger amounts by animals suffering severe metabolic distress?

A

Precursor for metabolites involved in cell division and metabolism and nitric oxide which increases perfusion in compromised tissues

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10
Q

What are typically the first 4 limiting aa in rapidly growing animals?

A

Lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan

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11
Q

List the components of “Step One” of designing a ration for a pig

A
  • Add paired ingredients in equal portions
  • approx. 25-30% protein meals when using only vegetable-based meals
  • Veg oil at 1%
  • Salt at 0.25%
  • Dicalcium phosphate at 2%
  • Calcium carbonate at 0.5%
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12
Q

True or false: poultry have higher requirements for methionine than pigs

A

True

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13
Q

Domestic animals are fed to meet their nutritional req for…? (4)

A
  1. Preservation or maintenance of tissue mass
  2. Energy required for maintenance of essential physiological functions e.g resp, circ, digestion
  3. Activity –> foraging for food and water
  4. Productive –> gain tissue mass
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14
Q

What are the three aspects of meeting nutritional needs of animals?

A
  1. Maintenance
  2. Activity
  3. Production
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15
Q

High levels of DM intake are achieved when..? (8)

A
  1. Water available ad libitum –>fresh, cool, clean
  2. Pasture species palatable and free from contaminants
  3. Pasture digestibility high
  4. Pasture mass and height are adequate
  5. Grazing area is sufficient
  6. Conserved forages are high quality
  7. Supplements are high in starch
  8. Social hierarchy
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16
Q

What is the ‘transition period’?

A

4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving

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17
Q

What are the two primary disease risks in the transition cow period?

A

Hypocalcaemia (milk fever) and ketosis

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18
Q

List some of other metabolic disorders during transition cow period

A
  • hypomagnesaemia
  • ketosis and fatty liver
  • udder oedema
  • abomasal displacement
  • dystocia
  • retained foetal membranes
  • metritis
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19
Q

What are the 4 objectives of an integrated transition cow management program leading to successful lactations

A
  1. Reduced ruminal disruption
  2. Minimise macromineral deficiencies (Ca, Mg, P)
  3. Minimise lipid mobilisation disorders
  4. Avoid immune suppression
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20
Q

What % do you want Ca, P and Mg to be during pre-calving transition diet?

A

Ca: 0.4 - 0.6%
P: 0.25 - 0.4%
Mg: >0.45%

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21
Q

What is DCAD?

A

Dietary Cation Anion Difference

Important predictor of milk fever post-calving

22
Q

What DCAD should you aim to achieve pre-calving?

A

Low or negative (<80 mEq/kg DM) = low blood Ca

23
Q

What DCAD should you aim to achieve post-calving?

A

Positive DCAD (>250 mEq/kg DM)

24
Q

How can a positive DCAD be achieved?

A
  • Feeding high quality phase 2 pasture or hay with legumes
  • Sodium bicarb
25
What may happen if you take DCP or causmag out of the transition cow diet mix?
- Deficiency of Ca, Mg, P - Parturient paresis in response to hypocalcaemia - Grass tetany in response to hypomagnesaemia - Post-parturient paresis in response to P deficiency
26
What % do you want Ca, P and Mg to be during post-calving transition diet?
Ca: 0.8 - 1% P: >0.4% Mg: >0.3%
27
What three factors most influence breeding productivity and performance of northern nreeding herds?
1. Time for cows to conceive/reconceive 2. Pre- and post-calving calf loss 3. Cow loss (don't reappear for muster)
28
Time taken for cows to re-conceive is influenced by?
BCS --> grazing management, P status
29
Calf loss is most influenced by?
P status
30
Cow loss is most influenced by?
BCS --> grazing management, P status
31
List the main factors that account for the variation in cows pregnant after 4 months (P4M)
- Brahman content - Cow age class - BCS in dry season - BCS change across wet season - P status (bone chewing, botulism) - previous calving period
32
List the main factors affecting cow mortality
- BCS when entering the dry season - BCS as affected by availability of biomass in the dry season - Number of days from onset of wet season to follow-up rain
33
Explain how the number of days from onset of wet season to follow-up rain affects cow mortality
If the onset exceeds 4 weeks, the % cows missing was 4% higher. - Raised metabolic rate due to increased nutrient intake - Then not enough nutrients to maintain high metabolic rate
34
Define the following: - radical weaning - early weaning - traditional weaning
Radical weaning: 60 to 100kg and/or under 3 months old (specialised feeding management) Early weaning: 100 to 150kg and/or 3 - 4 mths (fully hand fed or supplemented on pasture) Traditional weaning: over 150kg and/or 4 to 8 mths (supplements not req unless pasture is inadequate)
35
Describe the infrastructure requirements to ensure low stress during weaning
- Long enough trough space to prevent bullying - Shade - Secure yards - Free from threat of predators - Free of toxic plants - Hollows and boggy areas built up
36
Describe the benefits of segregating weaners based on size
- Reduce bullying - Reduce stress - Allow for targeted use of supplements based on GIT development
37
Describe the weaner management groups and supplement requirements
Under 60kg: milk replacer and high quality baby calf meals/pellets 60-100kg: highly palatable calf meals or pellets 100-150kg: supplements needed if pasture quality is too poor for required growth >150 kg: supplements needed only if pasture quality is too poor for required growth
38
Describe the possible effects of a mineral deficiency/imbalance (esp some VFAs, Mg)
- Mg deficiency can lead to grass tetany - Overstimulation of nerve synapses in the brain --> become aggressive
39
Describe the effects of sub-acute and acute lactic acidosis
Sub-acute - reduced ferm of plant cell wall - low and variable rates of DM intake - shiny poo from excess mucus production (rumenitis) Acute - near complete appetite loss - rumenitis - liver abscesses and hoof deformities as a result of microorganism invasion of epithelial tissues - epistaxis
40
Describe the effects of urea/ammonium toxicosis
Suppression of the TCA cycle in the brain with loss of brain function leading to neuro signs
41
How can bloat quickly cause death in ruminants?
Loss of eructation leads to occlusion of the descending aorta, collapse and death
42
What is PEM, how is it caused and what are the effects?
Polioencephalomalacia Caused by high levels of thiaminase (thiamine deficiency) or high sulphur intake (S toxicosis) Causes suppression of TCA cycle in the brain with loss of brain function leading to neuro signs e.g cortical blindness
43
How much urea should you feed to an unadapated animal?
max 0.5% DM if unadapted, 1% once adapted
44
How can you treat ammonia/urea toxicosis?
Vinegar in ice water
45
How can you treat early and acute stages of bloat?
Early: paraffin or vegetable oil Acute: insert trocar and cannula
46
Describe the two major forms of ketosis in dairy cattle
Wasting form 1. Sub-clinical - beta hydroxybutyrate >1.2mM 2. Clinical - anorexia - rapid reduction in BC - unsteady stance - rapid reduction in milk yield - beta hydroxybutyrate >3.0mM - ketone smell on breath - disinclined to move Nervous form - sudden onset of neuro signs
47
Describe how you will treat subclinical ketosis in a dairy cow
- Isolate from main herd and feed high quality pasture/conserved forage - Drench daily with propylene glycol or glycerine for 3-5 days - Continue to milk cow and offer cereal grain-based supplements - Return to herd when appetite and ketone body concentrations are normal - Continue to monitor ketone body conc, supplement intake, change in BCS and milk yield
48
Describe how you will treat clinical ketosis in a dairy cow
- IV dextrose (glucose) (short-acting) - drench daily with propylene glycol or glycerine (long-acting) for 3-5 days - isolate and feed high quality forage or forage-based diet - reintroduce cereal grain-based supplements - return to herd when feed intake normal - admin long-acting corticosteroids with glucose replacement therapy
49
How can you prevent ketosis in a dairy cow
- BCS 4.5-5.5 at calving - Feed cereal grain-based supp designed for transition period leading up to calving - Identify at risk cows early and dose with propylene glycol or glycerine at calving - Feed sufficient cereal grain-based supp in bale at milking to minimise BCS loss - Offer sufficient high-quality pasture after calving and/or supp with high quality conserved forages - Partial mixed rations to fill gaps in available pasture mass
50
Describe some of the clinical signs of preg tox in ewes
- Separate from mob - Not eating - Drowsy - Neuro signs e.g staggering, ataxia, recumbency - Elevated NEFA - Elevated beta hydroxybutyrate - Ketonuria - Acetone smell on breath or urine
51
Describe the treatment of preg tox in ewes
- Early support of ewes showing with glucose and electrolytes can resolve and prevent progression of disease - Chemical induction of parturition or delivery by C-section
52
How can you prevent preg tox in ewes?
- Good energy intake available from pasture - Ewes in good health (parasites, BCS) - Actively manage at risk ewes as separate group - BCS 3-4 in late preg - Supplement to support energy intake if necessary - Husbandry practices complete my mid-gest - Avoid moving ewes in late gest - Monitor leading up to and during lambing and provide supportive care to those showing early signs of preg tox

TV3001 (8 decks)

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