ZOONOSES

Question 1

WHO definition

Answer 1

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle

Question 2

bacteria spread by zoonoses

Answer 2

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Anthrax, Brucella, E-coli

Question 3

viruses spread by zoonoses

Answer 3

Rabies , Avian influenza, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola virus disease

Question 4

Rabies

Answer 4

Viral Infection (lyssavirus) transmitted from the bite of an infected animal, Wide range of wild animal transmitters: Dogs (97%), bats, Also monkeys, foxes, racoons, skunks, wolves, cats.
Incubation period in humans – 2 weeks to several months. travels to the brain via peripheral nerves,
Causes an acute encephalitis: Malaise, headache & fever, Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma, Over production of saliva & tears, Unable to swallow & ‘hydrophobia’, Death by respiratory failure.
ix - pcr saliva or csf,
tx - Immediately after bite give post-exposure prophylaxis.

Question 5

Brucellosis

Answer 5

small, gram negative coccobacilli. Humans infected: During milking infected animals, During parturition, Handling carcasses of infected animals, consumption of unpasteurized dairy prod. Incubation period 5-30 days. sy/sx: acute - High ‘undulant’ fever, Weakness, headaches, Drenching sweats, Splenomegaly, chronic - joint pain, endocarditis. Most commonly subclinical.

Question 6

Tx of Brucellosis

Answer 6

Doxycycline for 2-3 months and rifampicin or im gentamycin

Question 7

sy/sx of leptospirosis

Answer 7

Flu like symptoms – then jaundice, and renal failure, Undifferented fever; myalgia, headaches & abdominal pain
Fever in a cattle farmer –> Exposure to water or rats, The farmer with protracted flu-symptoms is more likely to have leptospirosis than brucellosis
ix - MAT, ELISA serology, culture.
tx - Doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin for severe

Question 8

Lyme disease…

Answer 8

Borrelia burgdorferi. Spirochaete found in wild deer, Transmitted by tick, Ixodes ricinus.

Question 9

main sy/ sx in lyme disease

Answer 9

ACRODERMATITIS CHRONICA ATROFICANS, Erythema Migrans, LYMPHOCYTOMA, NEUROBORRELIOSIS (Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis), cardiac disorders, arthritis

Question 10

how is lyme disease diagnosed?

Answer 10

serology, csf pleocytosis,

Question 11

tx of lyme disease?

Answer 11

Oral Doxycycline or Amoxicillin, or IV Ceftriaxone