Travel related infections Flashcards
Name water related infections
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia), leptospirosis (weil’s disease), liver flukes, hook worms
Name arthropod boure infections
Malaria, Dengue, Leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, Rickettsial infections (tick typhus)
Name emerging infectious diseases
Zika, ebola, SARS, avian
What is the main vector for malaria?
Female Anopheles mosquito
What is the potentially severe species of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum (other species - plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale)
breifly explain how malaria is transmitted
female mosquito becomes infected by gametocytes, there is then. 7-20 day maturation cycle producing sporozoites, these reside in the mosquitos salivary glands, then infect thhe human when bitten and travel to the liver where they reproduce.
what are the clincial features of malaria?
Night sweats. Arthralgia, Muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhoea, jaundice abdominal pain, Fever, splenohepatomegaly, dysuria
complications of malaria
Cerebral malaria, severe Anaemia, acute tubular necrosis, DIC, ARDS, Splenic rupture, hypotensive shock, encephalopaty, pulmoary oedema, jaundice, blackwater fever
give 2 causes of anaemia relating to malaria…
infected RBC’s become haemolysed, dyserythropoiesis, depletion of folate, associated splenomegaly and sequestration.
how would I diagnose malaria?
thick/thin blood films (field’s stain), rapid antigen tests (OptiMal), quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
when is malaria classified as severe?
seizures, hypoglycaemia, Hb<8, parasite count>2%, spontaneous bleeding, pulmonary oedema
Malaria Tx overall using…
Riamet, quinine, chloroquinine, proguanil, mefloquine, fansidar, doxycycline.
What are the treatment options for uncomplicated P.falciparum
Riamet, Euratesim, Malarone (Quinine for 7 days)
What are the treatment options for complicated P.falciparum
Quinine IV infusion - plus doxycycline or clindcmycin
Other malaria control programmes/ advice for travellers
drain stagnant water, DDT, nets, mesh windows, cover up at night, long sleeves and trousers, prophylactic medication.
What is the name of the organism that cuases Thyphoid Fever?
Salmonella thyphi
What are the clincial features of Typhoid?
Fever, abdominal discomfort, constipation, rose spots, diarrhoea
complications of Typhoid fever?
intestinal bleeding, metastatic infections
how is typhoid fever diagnosed?
Culture blood, urine, stool and bone marrow
Tx for typhoid fever is
Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, IV ceftriaxone
Aedes aedypti is responsible for the transmission of what infection?
Dengue Fever (also zika)
Classical presentation of dengue fever
severe headache, orbotal pain, macular and petichial rash, purpura
how is dengue fever diagnosed?
thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, positive tourniquet test, PCR and serology
Mx of Dengue fever?
conservative tx, however there are comlicaitions I,e, dengue haemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome
What causes Schistosomiasis?
contaminated water
clincial features of schistosomiasis and stages
swimmers itch, invasive stage of abdo discomfort and splenomegaly and cough, Katayama fever consisting of diarrhoea, lymphadenopathy. Then acute diseas which includes eggs deposited in the bowel or bladder causing haematuria and dysentry
tx of schistomiasis
Praziquantel
sx and tx of tick typhus (Rickettsiosis - r.conorii, r.africae)
rash, swinging fever, headache, endovasculitis, bleeding/ tetracycline, doxycycline
outline Zika virus
flavivirus, Aedes mosquito, headache, rash, fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, joint pains, can cause Guillian-Barre syndrome, no antiviral therapy, mosquito control measures,
tropical disease with Patient presenting with a rash
Typhoid, typhus, dengue
tropical disease with Patient presenting with jaundice
Hepatitis, malaria, yellow fever
tropical disease with Patient presenting with enlarged lymph nodes
leishmania, trypanosomiasis
tropical disease with Patient presenting with enlarged liver
malaria, typhoid, amoebic disease
tropical disease with Patient presenting with enlarged spleen
visceral leishmaniasis, typhoid, malaria
