Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards
what are the types of acquired immunity?
natural active (infection), natural passive (maternal), artificial active (immunization), artificial passive (antibody transfer)
outline thhe graphs of killed vs live vaccines
killed need mulitiple doses to build up an immune response, live only needs one dose.
give examples of live vaccines
MMR, BCG, varicella voster virus, smallpox, typhoid, polio, rotavirus
inac tivated viruses
polio, hep a, cholera, rabies, japenese encephalitis, tick-bourne encephalitis, influenza
how are detoxified exotixin vaccines made? Give e.g.’s
treat a toxin with formalin to make it a toxioid e.g. diptheria and tetanus
give examples f subunit vaccines
pertuissis, haemophilius influenzae type b, meningococcus group c, pneumococcus, typhoid, anthrax, hep b.
what is the 6 in 1 vaccine called and what does it contain?
Infantrix hexa - diptheria, tetanus, bordetella pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenzae b, hep B
outline the childhood immunisation schedule uptil 4mo…
at 2 mo - 6in1, pneumococcal conjugate, rotavirus, and meningitis B
at 3 mo - 6in1 and rotavirus
at 4 mo - 6in1, pneumococcal conjugate and meningitis B
outline the childhood vaccination schedule from 1 - 14yo…
1 year: Hib/Men C+ MMR + pneumococcal conjugate + men B
2 -8 years: influenza nasal
3 - 5 years: 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV) + MMR
Girls, 12-13 yrs: Human papilloma virus
14 years: 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV) + Men ACWY
what % of the population does herd immunity aim to target?
90-95%
Who gets the BCG vaccine?
some infants, TB rf, immigrants, contacts of resp tb patients, healthcare workers
Who gets the Influenza vaccine?
> 65, healthcare workers, DM, chronic disease patients, immunosupressed patients, coeliac disease patients, pregnant women (caution for people with egg allergies)
Who gets the Pneumococcal vaccine?
childhood vaccine, immunosupressed, sickle cell disease, chrinic disease patients, DM, coeliac disease patients
Who gets the Hep B vaccine?
all new born children from 2018, high risk children to HBV exposure, healthcare workers, MSM, prisoners, chronic disease patients.
Who gets the Varicella-zoster (chickenpox) vaccine?
immunosupressed patients, children if in contact with vsv, healthcare workers (2 doeses 4-8 weeks apart, live attenuated virus)
Who gets the Herpes-zoster virus? (shingles)
elderly (zostavax, live attenuated virus).
in terms of passive immunisation what does Human normal immunoglobulin contain?
antibodies agaunst hep a, rubella, measles. Used in immunoglobulin deficiencies and some autoimmune disorders i.e. myasthenia gravis.
name some post exposure immunoglobulins given…
hep b, rabies, tetanus antitoxin, varicella zoster, diptheria, botulinium antitoxin.
risk assessment of travellers to get immunisation, what would be asked?
current health, hx of immunisations, area to visit, duration, accommodation, activities, remote areas, recent outbreaks.
under travel advice what advice would be given regarding general measures?
care with food and water, handwashing, sunburn and sun stroke, altitude, RTA’s, safer sex, mosquitos (bed nets, sprays, coverup.
what are the common immunisations for travellers?
tetanus, polio, typhoid, hep a, yellow fever, cholera.
immunisation for travellers with specific circumstances?
meningococcus A,C,W,Y, Rabies, dipthheria, japenese B enchaphalitis, tick bourne encephalitis.
Outline chemoprophylaxis against Malaria
Malarone ® (proquanil & atovaquone) daily - doxycycline daily, Not for children <12 years, photosensivity
mefloquine weekly, Side effects: psychosis, nightmares (1:10,000), Avoid if history of psychosis, epilepsy
chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily For vivax/ovale/malariae only
