Zionism - origin Flashcards
What was the emphasis of the French Revolution?
in the 19th century, the emphasis was on the equality of all citizens before the law.
How did the ideas of the French Revolution affect Jewish communities?
As ideas spread in western Europe, government removed some legal/political restrictions on Jewish communities.
But, social/economic changes accompanying this often led to anti-semitism/prejudice against Jews, expressed in increasing virulent forms and culmination in 20th century rise of Nazi party in Germany and Holocaust.
Reason of growth of anti-semitism in Germany?
Growth of anti-semitism different according to countries
In germany, strongest among lower middle class-shopkeepers, trade ppl and among peasants.
Jews felt they were taking greater role in society being able to enter professions and become financiers of new gov, but others saw this as a threat and anti-semitic political parties arose in Germany
How did adopting a position of laissez-faire affect Jewish ppl?
Before 19th century, Jewish ppl protected by gov, but with gov adopting laissez-faire (the attitude of minimum interference by gov in lives of ppl and conduct of business), position was less secure.
What was growth of anti-semitism like in Russia?
earliest kind of primitive anti-Semitism.
Jews forced to live in own communities and often subject of violent attacks (Pogroms - organised state approved violence often involving Jewish people).
Hence, large numbers of Russian Jews migrate to US and Western Europe, adding to anti-Semitism there.
Who is Theodor Herzl?
Austrian Jew that played a key role in development of late 19th Century Zionism.
What is Zionism?
desire for a Jewish state as refuge for Jews from persecution- grew partly in response to rise of anti-semitism from 19th century onwards.
What did Herzl’s early life consist of?
In early life as journalist, more concerned in agitating Austrian union with Germany than in matters of Jews.
However, experience in France covering Dreyfus Affair helped understand cause of anti-S and convinced that it would be a long term problem.
What did Herzl do on JUNE 1895?
Herzl wrote in his diary that success of emancipated Jews would only lead to anti-S taking new forms.
What did Herzl believe was the only solution to anti-s?
to have own state where free to create own society
What did he do on Feb 1896?
published pamphlet- Die Judenstaat (The Jewish State), stating the choice of location as either Palestine (Ottoman Empire) or Argentina, in which process would take place with permission of Gov of these states and a company set up to finance the purchase of land in these states and establish a JEWISH STATE.
What was the outcome of his attempts to establish Jewish state?
Herzl made an attempt to meet Ottoman Sultan in 1896 to discuss state in Palestine but failed.
What was the middle east like in 16th century?
Since 16th century, the dominat power in middle east had been Islamic Ottoman empire, capital at Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey). Arabs of Palestine subject to Ottomans.
What was the population of Palestine in 1900?
600 000, with 50 000 Jews
What were the 2 significant changes that were occurring in the Ottoman Empire from beginning of 19th century?
Externally: Ottoman empire under decline. Under attack from Russia, Austria and Balkan states in Europe
Britain, France and Italy in Africa and Middle East.
Ottoman empire reduced to half its size.
Internally: empire undergoing rapid modernisation, based on ideas of Enlightenment. By mid 19th century, edicts proclaim everyone equal (Christian, Jews, Muslim). Revolution 1908 - industrialisation underway and stressed placed on edu.
