yugoslavia

Question 1

Josip Broz Tito

Answer 1

started as leader of communist dominated resistance in Serbia called the Partisans, then communist leader of Yugoslavia; helped expel the Axis from Serbia in 1944 and the rest of Yugoslavia in 1945

Question 2

Tito - Stalin split

Answer 2

Tito and Stalin agreed on friendship and collaboration but split because:

1) Tito’s regional focus and refusal to accept Moscow as supreme communist authority
2) Yugoslavs believed the joint stock companies favoured in the Soviet Union were not effective in Yugoslavia
3) Tito’s aspirations to create a true”Land of South Slavs,” a Balkan Federation between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria

Question 3

The expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform

Answer 3

1948
• The other members accused Yugoslavia of
– Nationalism
– Being on the path back to bourgeois capitalism
• Tito suppressed those who supported the Cominform resolution. Many of them were sent to a gulag-like prison camp
• The other socialist states subsequently underwent purges of alleged “Titoists”

Question 4

The principle of “Brotherhood and Unity” (under Tito)

Answer 4

• Yugoslavia’s nations are equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation, promoting their similarities and interdependence
• Every individual was entitled to the expression of their own culture
• The adoption of national quota systems in all public institutions, including economic organizations, in which national groups were represented by their republic’s or province’s national composition.

Question 5

Croatian War of Independence

Answer 5

1991-1995
• It began when Serbs in Croatia, who were opposed to Croatian independence,
announced their secession from Croatia.
• By mid-July 1991 the JNA (Yugoslav Army) moved an estimated 70,000 troops to
Croatia.
• War broke out in Croatia between
– Croatian militias
– local Serbs and the JNA
•ceasefire signed in 1992, then war re-began in 1993.
conflict was renewed after Croatian offensives were launched against
several Serb-controlled areas of Croatia, violating the UN ceasefire lines

Question 6

Bosnian war

Answer 6

1992-1995
The war was predominantly a territorial conflict between local Bosniaks and Croats
backed by Zagreb, and Serbs backed by the JNA and Serbia.
• The siege of Sarajevo began in April 1992 after Bosnia and Herzegovina had declared
independence
• Bosnia’s Serb faction led by ultra-nationalist Radovan Karadžić promised
independence for all Serb areas of Bosnia from the majority-Bosniak government of
Bosnia.

Question 7

The Srebrenica massacre

Answer 7

In July 1995: the killing of more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslims (mainly men and boys) under the command of a general

Question 8

end of Bosnian war

Answer 8

Following the Srebrenica genocide, a NATO bombing campaign began in
August 1995.
• Meanwhile, a ground offensive by the allied forces of Croatia and Bosnia
pushed the Serbs away from territories held in western Bosnia.
- Dayton Agreement was signed and war ended

Question 9

Kosovo War

Answer 9

• Since the early 1990s the Albanians in Kosovo faced with state organized oppression
• Conflict in 1998:
– The Albanians wanted an independent Kosovo
– The Serbs wanted to return them autonomy, but refused disarming their forces
• The conflict became a full-scale war in 1999
– the violence by the Serb forces caused the departure of about 700,000
Albanians from their homes.
• 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
– A NATO intervention against Serbian forces between March – June 1999
– Mainly bombing but partly ground-based campaign
– Kosovo was placed under the governmental control of the United Nations
Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo and the military protection of
Kosovo Force

Question 10

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

Answer 10

The tribunal has indicted 161 persons for serious violations of international
humanitarian law (According to 2014 data)

Question 11

The reasons for the collapse of Yugoslavia and the main stages of the Yugoslavian wars
of succession

Answer 11

Tensions between the republics and nations of Yugoslavia intensified from the 1970s
to the 1980s.
• The suppression of nationalists by the Communist regime might have had the effect of
identifying nationalism as the primary alternative to communism itself
• A widening gap of economic resources between the developed and underdeveloped
regions
• Croatia and Slovenia rejected attempts to limit their autonomy as provided in the 1974
Constitution
• Propaganda machine used to inspire fear