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YR10 core questions-cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are villi?

A

Finger-like projections in the small intestine

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2
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Organ system where food is broken down

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3
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Breaks down and absorbs food

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4
Q

Name eight organs of the digestive system

A

Mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus (gullet), stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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6
Q

What do glands in the digestive system do?

A

Release enzymes

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7
Q

Where are food molecules absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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8
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A substance needed for growth, repair and metabolism

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the metabolic reactions in the body.

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10
Q

What are the seven nutrients of a balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water

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11
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet with a balanced proportion of nutrients

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12
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

A carbohydrate consisting of either one or two sugar units e.g. glucose and sucrose

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13
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Molecule made up of units of sugars containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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14
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

Long chain of simple sugars bonded together

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15
Q

Give three examples of complex carbohydrates.

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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16
Q

What chemical is used to test for carbohydrates?

A

Benedict’s solution

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17
Q

What is the colour change of Benedict’s solution when a sugar is present?

A

Blue to red

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18
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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19
Q

What is the colour iodine turns if starch is present?

A

Blue-black

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20
Q

What are the roles of proteins in living things?

A

Enzymes and building blocks of the body

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21
Q

Name 4 functions of proteins?

A

Muscle structure, hormones, antibodies, enzymes

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22
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

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23
Q

What are the four main elements that proteins are made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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24
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Chains of amino acids

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25
What happens if a protein gets too hot?
It is denatured
26
What chemical is used to test for proteins?
Biuret reagent
27
What is the colour change of Biuret solution when a protein is present?
Blue to purple
28
What are lipids?
fats and oils
29
What are lipids made of?
1 molecule of glycerol bonded to 3 molecules of fatty acids
30
How do you test for lipids?
Ethanol test
31
What is an enzyme?
Biological catalyst
32
What is a catalyst?
Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.
33
What is a substrate?
Substance that is changed by an enzyme
34
What is meant by 'optimum conditions'?
the best conditions
35
What factors affect the action of an enzyme?
Temperature & pH
36
What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?
37°C
37
How does high temperature inactivate enzymes?
It denatures protein which changes their shape
38
How does pH affect enzymes?
pH can affect the shape of the enzyme's active site
39
What is a carbohydrase?
An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
40
What is amylase?
An enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars
41
Where is amylase made?
Salivary glands and the pancreas
42
What is a protease?
An enzyme that breaks down proteins
43
Where are proteases made?
The stomach (pepsin), pancreas and small intestine
44
Why do proteases work best in the stomach?
It is very acidic
45
What is a lipase
An enzyme that breaks down lipids
46
Where is lipase made?
Pancreas and small intestine.
47
Why do lipases and enzymes of the pancreas work best in the small intestine?
It is alkaline
48
How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
49
What are the chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle,
50
What structures in the heart prevent blood from flowing backwards?
Heart valves
51
How is heart rate controlled by the body?
A group of cells that act as a pacemaker.
52
Why is the human circulatory system called a double circulatory system?
Blood passes through the heart twice for every circuit around the body
53
What is oxygenated blood?
Blood containing a high level of oxygen
54
What is deoxygenated blood?
Blood containing a low level of oxygen
55
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Right side
56
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
left side
57
Which veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Vena cava
58
Which artery takes deoxygenated blood the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
59
Which veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
60
Which artery takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
Aorta
61
Which arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
Coronary arteries
62
Name the four main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
63
What is haemoglobin?
Molecule that carries oxygen
64
Give three ways white blood cells protect the body?
Engulf pathogens, produce antibodies and produce antitoxins
65
What is the function of blood plasma?
Transports blood cells, platelets and dissolved substances around the body
66
Name seven dissolved substances that are transported in blood plasma?
Hormones, proteins, lipids, glucose, carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid
67
What is urea?
Waste product
68
What is the function of platelets?
Forms blood clots which prevents blood leaving the body
69
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that transfers thermal energy to the environment
70
Give an example of an exothermic reaction
Respiration
71
Give five ways cells use energy
Building up molecules and breaking down molecules, transferring heat, active transport, making muscles contract
72
What is glycogen?
stored glucose
73
Where is glycogen stored?
muscles and liver
74
What happens to your heart and breathing rate when you exercise?
increase
75
What happens to glycogen when you exercise?
Converted to glucose
76
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that transfers thermal energy from the environment
77
Give an example of an endothermic reaction
Photosynthesis
78
What four factors can limit photosynthesis?
Light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, amount of chlorophyll in the leaf
79
How do plants use glucose?
For respiration and for making other molecules
80
What other molecules do plants use glucose to make
Carbohydrates like cellulose and starch, lipids, proteins
81
What is cellulose?
Complex sugar that strengthens plant cell walls
82
What is starch?
Stored glucose

biology (8 decks)

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