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biology > year 9 cells- assessment week > Flashcards

year 9 cells- assessment week Flashcards

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1
Q

what are mitochondria?

A

small organelles found in animal and plant cells

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2
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of respiration

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3
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

tiny organelle found in animal and plant cells

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4
Q

what is the function of the ribosome?

A

making proteins

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5
Q

what is a membrane bound organelle?

A

an organelle with its own membrane

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6
Q

give 3 examples of membrane bound organelles.

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

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7
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

cells that have membrane bound organelles

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8
Q

in a eukaryotic cell, where is DNA found?

A

in the nucleus

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9
Q

give 2 examples of eukaryotic cells.

A

animal and plant cells

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10
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

cells that have no membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

give an exmaple of a prokaryotic cell.

A

bacteria cell

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12
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

a tiny loop of DNA

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13
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialised

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14
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells

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15
Q

where are the stem cells found in plants?

A

meristematic regions

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16
Q

where are stem cells found in animals?

A

bone marrow and embryos

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17
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

magnification= image size/ actual size

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18
Q

what does focus mean?

A

making an image sharp enough to be viewed

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19
Q

how do you focus an image using microscope?

A

by turning the focussing knob

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20
Q

how do you record an image from a microscope?

A

draw what can be seen through the eyepiece

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21
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two points

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22
Q

which type of microscope has the highest resolution?

A

an electron microscope

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23
Q

what is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

about x2,000

24
Q

what is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

A

about 2,000,000

25
Q

what is the name of the specialised cell carrying male DNA for reproduction?

A

sperm cell

26
Q

why does a sperm cell contain many mitochondria?

A

to provide energy from respiration for swimming

27
Q

why does a sperm cell have a long tail?

A

to swim to the egg

28
Q

what is found in the acrosome in the head of the sperm?

A

digestive enzymes

29
Q

why does the sperm head contain digestive enzymes?

A

to break down the wall of the egg cell

30
Q

what is the name of the specialised cell in the stem of the plant carrying water?

A

xylem

31
Q

how is a xylem cell specialised?

A

dead hollow tubes, rings of lignin

32
Q

what is the name of the specialised cell in the stem of the work transporting sugar?

A

phloem

33
Q

how is phloem cell specialised?

A

supported by companion cells, sieve plates between cells

34
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles in a fluid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

35
Q

give two exmaples of diffusion in the human body

A

gas exchange in lungs, absorption in the small intestine

36
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

a difference in concentration between two regions

37
Q

what four factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

temperature, concentration gradient, surface area, diffusion distance

38
Q

what is the effect of increased temperature on rate of diffusion?

A

increased

39
Q

what is the effect of increased surface area on rate of diffusion?

A

increased

40
Q

what is the effect of increased diffusion distance on rate of diffusion?

A

decreased

41
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane which only allows certain substances to cross

42
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

43
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

concentration of solutes is the same as in the cytoplasm

44
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Concentration of solutes is less than in the cytoplasm

45
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Concentration of solutes is more than in the cytoplasm

46
Q

What is the direction of osmosis for cells in hypotonic solutions?

A

Water moves into the cell

47
Q

What happens to plant cells in hypotonic solutions?

A

Become turgid

48
Q

What happens to animal cells in hypotonic solutions

A

Lysis (cells burst)

49
Q

What is the direction of osmosis for cells in hypertonic solutions?

A

Water moves out of the cell

50
Q

What happens to animal cells in hypertonic solutions?

A

Become crenated (shrivelled)

51
Q

What happens to plant cells in hypertonic solutions?

A

Plasmolysis

52
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall

53
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of substances across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient

54
Q

What is required for active transport to occur?

A

Energy from respiration

55
Q

Give two examples of active transport

A

Absorption of minerals by plant root hairs and absorption of sugar in the blood

56
Q

What is the relationship between size and surface area to volume ratio?

A

As size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases

57
Q

How do large organisms overcome the problem of having a small surface area to volume ratio?

A

By having specialised exchange surfaces

biology (8 decks)

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