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Science mocks > YR 9 - Cells and Microscopy > Flashcards

YR 9 - Cells and Microscopy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells?

A

cells are the basic unit of all forms of life

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2
Q

why are structural differences between cells important?

A

the structural differences between types of cells enables them to perform specific functions within the organism.

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3
Q

what controls the differences in cells?

A

differences in cells are controlled by genes which are found in the nucleus.

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4
Q

what is needed for an organism to grow?

A

for an organism to grow, cells must divide by mitosis producing two new identical cells.

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5
Q

what are the types of cells?

A

cells can be divided into two main parts; eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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6
Q

what are eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)?

A

plant and animal cells are eukaryotes.

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7
Q

what are prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)?

A

bacteria cells are types of prokaryotes.

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8
Q

what do eukaryotes have?

A

they have:
a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

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9
Q

What do prokaryotes have?

include size

A

• prokaryotes are much smaller in comparison to eukaryotes.
• they have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

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10
Q

where is genetic material stored in prokaryotic cells?

A

• their genetic material is not stored in a nucleus but is rather a single loop of DNA.
• some prokaryotes have small rings of DNA called plasmids.

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11
Q

what do animal cells contain?

A

most animal cells have:
- a cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosomes

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12
Q

what do plant cells contain?

A

plant cells have:
- a nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- cell wall
- permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
- chloroplast containing chlorophyll

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13
Q

what eukaryotes have a cell wall?
- what is its function

A

plant and algal cells have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.

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14
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

it contains all the genetic material that controls (and regulates) the activity of the cell

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15
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it controls what goes in an out of the cell (holds the cell together)

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16
Q

what is the function of a mitochondria?

A

it is where aerobic respiration occurs in a cell which releases energy

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17
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

to produce (synthesise) proteins (protein-synthesis)

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18
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

it is where most chemical reactions take place (where all the organelles are kept)

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19
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

• where photosynthesis happens which makes food for the plant.

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20
Q

what do chloroplast contain?

A

• contains a pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs the sunlight energy needed for photo-synthesis to occur

21
Q

what is found in permanent vacuole?

A

cell sap is found in the large permanent vacuole.

22
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

• cells that have developed specific characteristics to carry out a particular functions

23
Q

how are sperm cells adapted?

A

a sperm cell is adapted by having a tail which allows it to swim to the egg cell.

24
Q

how are root hair cells adapted?

A

root hair cells are adapted by having a large surface area to allow more water and minerals to be absorbed.

25
Q

where are photosynthetic cells found?

A

they are found on the surface of a leaf to absorb more sunlight for photosynthesis.

26
Q

what is the function of xylem cells?

A

their function is to form xylem tubes to carry water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

27
Q

what is the function of phloem cells?

A

their function is to form phloem tubes which carries sugar from the leaves to all other parts of a plant.

28
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process at which dividing cells (stem cells) change their function to become specified at their job

29
Q

what happens as a cell differentiates?

A

as a cell differentiates, it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a specific function.

30
Q

what are undifferentiated cells?
- what can they do

A

undifferentiated cells are known as stem cells and they can be cloned and made to differentiate into many different types of cells

31
Q

what are the types of stem cells?

A

there are two types of stem cells:
- those that come from a growing embryo (embryonic stem cells)
- adult stem cells which are made in the adult bone marrow

32
Q

how can stem cells be usefully used?

A

stem cells can be used for treatment and they may help conditions such as paralysis or diabetes

33
Q

what is the function of stem cells from plant meristems?

A

stem cells from plant meristems are used to produce new plant clones quickly and economically.

34
Q

what happens in therapeutic cloning?

A

in therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced with the same gene as the patient so the stem cells produced are not rejected and may be used in medical treatment.

35
Q

how are chromosomes found in body cells?

A

in body cells, chromosomes are found in pairs in the nucleus.

36
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the cell cycle is when body cells divide in a series of stages.

37
Q

what happens during the cell cycle?

A

during the cell cycle, the genetic material (DNA) is duplicated, which then divides into two identical nuclei in a process called mitosis

38
Q

what occurs in mitosis?

A

in mitosis, one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides. the cytoplasm and the cell membrane then divides to form two identical cells.

39
Q

where is mitosis important?

A

mitosis is important in growth, repair and development of multicellular organisms.

40
Q

how are microscopes used?

A

microscopes are used to allow us to see microscopic structures in cells; they magnify them.

41
Q

what are the main types of microscopes?

A

there are two main types of microscopes:
- the light microscope
- the electron microscope

42
Q

what is the difference between a light and an electron microscope?

A

an electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.

43
Q

what are the main types of electron microscopes?

A

there are two main types of electron microscopes:
- the transmission microscope
- the scanning microscope

44
Q

Define:

The resolution of a microscopy

A

the resolution of a microscope is the ability to distinguish between two separate points

45
Q

how many metres are in a kilometre?

A

there are 1000 metres in a kilometre

46
Q

how many millimetres are in a metre?

A

there are 1000 millimetres in a metre

47
Q

how many micrometers are in a millimetre?

A

there are 1000 micrometers in a millimetre

48
Q

what is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = size of image / size of real object

Science mocks (7 decks)

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