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Biology Paper 1 > Youtube > Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Magnification calculation

A

Magnification= image size divided by object size

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2
Q

What do eukaryotic cells all have

A

A nucleus

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3
Q

Where is a prokaryotic cells dna found

A

Plasmid (loop of dna)

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The liquid that makes up the cell where most chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What do plant cells have which animal cells do not

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Perminant vacuole

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in every nucleus and what are these cells called

A

23
Diploid cells

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7
Q

What are gametes

A

They have half the number of chromosomes
23 not 23 pairs
These are called haploid cells

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8
Q

What are diploid cells made for and how do they do it

A

Growth and repair by duplicating via mitosis

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9
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

Generic material is duplicated aswell as ribosomes and mitochondria
The nucleus breaks down and one set of each chromosome pair is pulled to opposite sides of the cell
The new nucleus forms each of these to house the copied chromosomes which makes two identical cells

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10
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells which haven’t specialized yet

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11
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

Human and animal embryos and plant meristems

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12
Q

What is a plant meristem

A

The top of the shoot

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13
Q

Where are stem cells made

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

What can stem cells be used for

A

Combat diabetes and paralysis

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15
Q

What are embryo clones

A

Identical copies of the patients genes which can be used to treat conditions without the body rejecting them

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16
Q

Why can cloning plants be used

A

To preserve species or produce crops with desired traits

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17
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration which dosent require energy

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18
Q

Where does diffusion happen

A

Across a semi permeable membrane if the holes are large enough for molecules to move through
Water can pass through however glucose cannot

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19
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane to balance the concentration

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20
Q

How can rate of diffusion and osmosis be increased

A

Increasing difference in concentrations
Increasing temp
Increasing suraface area

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21
Q

What is active transport

A

Where cells use energy to move substances across a cell membrane

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22
Q

What is a tissue

A

When similar cells work together to perform a function

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23
Q

What does a tissue form

A

Organs

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24
Q

What do organs do

A

Work together in an organ system

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25
Q

What does the digestive ststem do

A

Breaks down food into useful nutrients for your body to use

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26
Q

What do bile and enzymes do

A

Work together in the small intestine to break food down further

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27
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Contains hydrochloride acid and enzymes that break down food

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28
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that break down large molecules into small ones which can be absorbed into the blood stream

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29
Q

What is amylase

A

The enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose found in small intestine and saliva

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30
Q

What do carbohydraes break carbohydrates into

A

Simple sugars

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31
Q

What do protease break down proteins into

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

What do lipids break Lipaes into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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33
Q

How do enzymes work

A

Substrate binds to the enzymes active site which only happens if the substrate is the right shape

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34
Q

What does denatured enzyme mean

A

When the active site changes shape and the substrate cannot bind with it

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35
Q

What colour does iodine change to

A

Orange to black in the presence of starch

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36
Q

What colour does Benedict’s solution change

A

Blue to orange if sugar is present

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37
Q

Biuret regent colour changes

A

Blue to purple if proteins are present

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38
Q

Ethanol colour changes

A

Turns cloudy in the presents of lipids (fats)

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39
Q

What are the alveoli

A

Air sacs where blood diffuses into the blood vessels around it

40
Q

Why do alveoli have large surface area

A

So gas exchange can happen at a faster rate

41
Q

What does oxygen bind to

A

Haemoglobin in red blood cells which are transported around the body into cells to be used for respiration

42
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide made from respiration

A

Dissolved into the plasma of the blood which diffuses into the lungs and is exhaled

43
Q

What’s a double circulatory system

A

Blood enters the heart twice for every time it is pumped around the body

44
Q

Where does de oxygenated blood from the body enter

A

Right side of the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium

45
Q

What does the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle do

A

Prevents backflow to stop deoxygenated blood from going back into the body

46
Q

How does the deoxygenated blood get to the lungs

A

Enters the vena cava travels to the right atrium then to the right ventricle and exits out of the pulmonary artery

47
Q

What path does the oxygenated blood take around the heart

A

Enters through the pulmonary vein from the lungs into the left atrium then into the left ventricle and out into the body through the aorta

48
Q

What are the walls like on the left side of the heart

A

Thicker walls becuase it has to pump blood to the whole body.

49
Q

What do the group of cells near the right atrium do

A

Create electrical impulses ther cause heart muscles to contract and for the heart to beat

50
Q

What happens if your cells in the heart don’t work

A

Given an artificial paise maker

51
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

52
Q

What are the adaptation of the artery

A

Thick walls
Thin linen to withstand high pressure

53
Q

What does the vein do

A

Carrie’s blood back to the heart

54
Q

What are the adaptations of the vein

A

Thin walls and wide lumen
Valves to prevent backflow

55
Q

What do capillaries do

A

They are one cell thick and allow fast diffusion between blood cells

56
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur

A

When the artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked

57
Q

What are stents

A

Little tubes inserted into blood vessels to keep them open so blood flow can continue

58
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that reduce cholesterol which reduces fatty deposits

59
Q

What must a communicable disease be caused by

A

Pathogens

60
Q

What are non communicable disease

A

Cause comes from inside the body

61
Q

How is cancer formed

A

Uncontrollable division of cells which leads to tumors

62
Q

What are benign cancers

A

Don’t spread to the body and are easy to treat

63
Q

What are malignant cancers

A

When cancerous cells spread through the body

64
Q

What is the xylem

A

A continuous tube that Carrie’s water and dissolved mineral ions upward

65
Q

What happens at the roots

A

Water enters through osmosis mineral ions by active transport

66
Q

What is the phloem

A

Carrie’s cells that transport sugars and food up and down the plant which is translocation

67
Q

How can the rate of transpiration be increased

A

Air movement
Temp
Decreased humidity

68
Q

What is the waxy cuticle

A

Waterproof to stop water loss from the top of the lead

69
Q

What is the upper epidermis

A

Transparent to let light through

70
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll

A

It is where most photosynthesis takes place

71
Q

What are the spongy mesophyll

A

Gaps which facilitate gas exchange
They have a large surface area

72
Q

What is the lower epidermis

A

The bottom layer of the leaf which has holes in called the stomata where substances inter and exit

73
Q

What do bacteria do

A

Release toxins which damage cells

74
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Produce antitoxins which neutralize the poison pathogens produce which make antibodies which stick to antigen on the pathogen stopping them from affecting more cells

75
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Ingest and engulf pathogens

76
Q

What is a vaccine

A

A dead version of a virus which is injected into the body so you can gain immunity from the illness

77
Q

What do antibiotics kill

A

Bacteria not viruses

78
Q

What happens the more u use antibiotics

A

Cells become resistant to them which means nothing really happens

79
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

When doctors do not know which drug is which to eliminate bias

80
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Water + carbon dioxide (arrow) glucose + oxygen

81
Q

What is the rate of photosynthesis increased by

A

Temp
Light intensity
Co2 concentration

82
Q

What is glucose used for

A

Respiration
Making fat to store energy
Making cellulose

83
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

When plants use light energy to transform it to chemical energy

84
Q

What does respiration provide energy for

A

Chemical reactions
Warmth
Movement

85
Q

What is aerobic respiration
And give the word equation

A

Excersise done with oxygen
Glucose + oxygen (arrow) water + carbon dioxide

86
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Occoirs when there is a lack of oxygen
It occoirs during intense Excersise
Lactic acid is broken back down into glucose by the liver using oxygen

87
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum lf all chemical reactions in a cell
Can be used for respiration

88
Q

How would you carry out a practical for food tests

A

Add 2 to 3 droplets of each sample
Observe the colour change
Heat the Benedict’s sample in a water bath only

89
Q

What is a control variable

A

Stays the same

90
Q

What is the independent variable

A

The one you change

91
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

The ome you measure

92
Q

Write the method for the osmosis practical

A

Cut potato in lengths of 2cm
Use a measuring cylinder to measure 5 different concentration samples
Label each test tube
Measure the starting mass of the potato slice and place in the solution
Record in a table
Leave for 24 hours
Record final mass and calculate mass change

93
Q

Microscopy practical method

A

Remove 1 layer of skin with tweezers
Place flat onto microscope slide to avoid air bubbles
Add 2 drop of iodine
Place cover strip at 45 degreees and lay on top to remove bubbles
Plsce slide onto the stage and begin to focus

94
Q

Write a method for the photosynthesis practical

A

Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to beaker of water
Add pondweed to test tube of water
Place test tube upside down over funnel
Use ruler to measure 100cm, place light here
Leave for a minute and count bubbles
Move 10cm closer leave for 1 min and count again
Repeat until 10cm
Record results in a table

95
Q

What is the method for the enzyme activity practical

A

Add 2 drops of iodine in each well of spotting tile
Add 2cm cubes of PH, startch and buffer test tube maintain temp using water bath
Start timer every 30 seconds use a rod to remove a solution sample
Add to well. Observe colour change and repeat every 30 seconds until no colour change is observed
Repeat with different PH

96
Q

Write down the method for the food test practical

A

Add 2-3 drops of each sample
Observe colour change
Heat samples in water bath for Benedict’s only

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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