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1
Q

Magnification calculation

A

Magnification= image size divided by object size

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2
Q

What do eukaryotic cells all have

A

A nucleus

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3
Q

Where is a prokaryotic cells dna found

A

Plasmid (loop of dna)

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The liquid that makes up the cell where most chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What do plant cells have which animal cells do not

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Perminant vacuole

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in every nucleus and what are these cells called

A

23
Diploid cells

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7
Q

What are gametes

A

They have half the number of chromosomes
23 not 23 pairs
These are called haploid cells

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8
Q

What are diploid cells made for and how do they do it

A

Growth and repair by duplicating via mitosis

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9
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

Generic material is duplicated aswell as ribosomes and mitochondria
The nucleus breaks down and one set of each chromosome pair is pulled to opposite sides of the cell
The new nucleus forms each of these to house the copied chromosomes which makes two identical cells

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10
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells which haven’t specialized yet

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11
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

Human and animal embryos and plant meristems

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12
Q

What is a plant meristem

A

The top of the shoot

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13
Q

Where are stem cells made

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

What can stem cells be used for

A

Combat diabetes and paralysis

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15
Q

What are embryo clones

A

Identical copies of the patients genes which can be used to treat conditions without the body rejecting them

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16
Q

Why can cloning plants be used

A

To preserve species or produce crops with desired traits

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17
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration which dosent require energy

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18
Q

Where does diffusion happen

A

Across a semi permeable membrane if the holes are large enough for molecules to move through
Water can pass through however glucose cannot

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19
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane to balance the concentration

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20
Q

How can rate of diffusion and osmosis be increased

A

Increasing difference in concentrations
Increasing temp
Increasing suraface area

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21
Q

What is active transport

A

Where cells use energy to move substances across a cell membrane

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22
Q

What is a tissue

A

When similar cells work together to perform a function

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23
Q

What does a tissue form

A

Organs

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24
Q

What do organs do

A

Work together in an organ system

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25
What does the digestive ststem do
Breaks down food into useful nutrients for your body to use
26
What do bile and enzymes do
Work together in the small intestine to break food down further
27
What does the stomach do
Contains hydrochloride acid and enzymes that break down food
28
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts that break down large molecules into small ones which can be absorbed into the blood stream
29
What is amylase
The enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose found in small intestine and saliva
30
What do carbohydraes break carbohydrates into
Simple sugars
31
What do protease break down proteins into
Amino acids
32
What do lipids break Lipaes into
Glycerol and fatty acids
33
How do enzymes work
Substrate binds to the enzymes active site which only happens if the substrate is the right shape
34
What does denatured enzyme mean
When the active site changes shape and the substrate cannot bind with it
35
What colour does iodine change to
Orange to black in the presence of starch
36
What colour does Benedict’s solution change
Blue to orange if sugar is present
37
Biuret regent colour changes
Blue to purple if proteins are present
38
Ethanol colour changes
Turns cloudy in the presents of lipids (fats)
39
What are the alveoli
Air sacs where blood diffuses into the blood vessels around it
40
Why do alveoli have large surface area
So gas exchange can happen at a faster rate
41
What does oxygen bind to
Haemoglobin in red blood cells which are transported around the body into cells to be used for respiration
42
What happens to carbon dioxide made from respiration
Dissolved into the plasma of the blood which diffuses into the lungs and is exhaled
43
What’s a double circulatory system
Blood enters the heart twice for every time it is pumped around the body
44
Where does de oxygenated blood from the body enter
Right side of the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium
45
What does the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle do
Prevents backflow to stop deoxygenated blood from going back into the body
46
How does the deoxygenated blood get to the lungs
Enters the vena cava travels to the right atrium then to the right ventricle and exits out of the pulmonary artery
47
What path does the oxygenated blood take around the heart
Enters through the pulmonary vein from the lungs into the left atrium then into the left ventricle and out into the body through the aorta
48
What are the walls like on the left side of the heart
Thicker walls becuase it has to pump blood to the whole body.
49
What do the group of cells near the right atrium do
Create electrical impulses ther cause heart muscles to contract and for the heart to beat
50
What happens if your cells in the heart don’t work
Given an artificial paise maker
51
What do arteries do
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
52
What are the adaptation of the artery
Thick walls Thin linen to withstand high pressure
53
What does the vein do
Carrie’s blood back to the heart
54
What are the adaptations of the vein
Thin walls and wide lumen Valves to prevent backflow
55
What do capillaries do
They are one cell thick and allow fast diffusion between blood cells
56
How does coronary heart disease occur
When the artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked
57
What are stents
Little tubes inserted into blood vessels to keep them open so blood flow can continue
58
What are statins
Drugs that reduce cholesterol which reduces fatty deposits
59
What must a communicable disease be caused by
Pathogens
60
What are non communicable disease
Cause comes from inside the body
61
How is cancer formed
Uncontrollable division of cells which leads to tumors
62
What are benign cancers
Don’t spread to the body and are easy to treat
63
What are malignant cancers
When cancerous cells spread through the body
64
What is the xylem
A continuous tube that Carrie’s water and dissolved mineral ions upward
65
What happens at the roots
Water enters through osmosis mineral ions by active transport
66
What is the phloem
Carrie’s cells that transport sugars and food up and down the plant which is translocation
67
How can the rate of transpiration be increased
Air movement Temp Decreased humidity
68
What is the waxy cuticle
Waterproof to stop water loss from the top of the lead
69
What is the upper epidermis
Transparent to let light through
70
What is the palisade mesophyll
It is where most photosynthesis takes place
71
What are the spongy mesophyll
Gaps which facilitate gas exchange They have a large surface area
72
What is the lower epidermis
The bottom layer of the leaf which has holes in called the stomata where substances inter and exit
73
What do bacteria do
Release toxins which damage cells
74
What are lymphocytes
Produce antitoxins which neutralize the poison pathogens produce which make antibodies which stick to antigen on the pathogen stopping them from affecting more cells
75
What do phagocytes do
Ingest and engulf pathogens
76
What is a vaccine
A dead version of a virus which is injected into the body so you can gain immunity from the illness
77
What do antibiotics kill
Bacteria not viruses
78
What happens the more u use antibiotics
Cells become resistant to them which means nothing really happens
79
What is a double blind trial
When doctors do not know which drug is which to eliminate bias
80
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Water + carbon dioxide (arrow) glucose + oxygen
81
What is the rate of photosynthesis increased by
Temp Light intensity Co2 concentration
82
What is glucose used for
Respiration Making fat to store energy Making cellulose
83
What is photosynthesis
When plants use light energy to transform it to chemical energy
84
What does respiration provide energy for
Chemical reactions Warmth Movement
85
What is aerobic respiration And give the word equation
Excersise done with oxygen Glucose + oxygen (arrow) water + carbon dioxide
86
What is anaerobic respiration
Occoirs when there is a lack of oxygen It occoirs during intense Excersise Lactic acid is broken back down into glucose by the liver using oxygen
87
What is metabolism
The sum lf all chemical reactions in a cell Can be used for respiration
88
How would you carry out a practical for food tests
Add 2 to 3 droplets of each sample Observe the colour change Heat the Benedict’s sample in a water bath only
89
What is a control variable
Stays the same
90
What is the independent variable
The one you change
91
What is the dependant variable
The ome you measure
92
Write the method for the osmosis practical
Cut potato in lengths of 2cm Use a measuring cylinder to measure 5 different concentration samples Label each test tube Measure the starting mass of the potato slice and place in the solution Record in a table Leave for 24 hours Record final mass and calculate mass change
93
Microscopy practical method
Remove 1 layer of skin with tweezers Place flat onto microscope slide to avoid air bubbles Add 2 drop of iodine Place cover strip at 45 degreees and lay on top to remove bubbles Plsce slide onto the stage and begin to focus
94
Write a method for the photosynthesis practical
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to beaker of water Add pondweed to test tube of water Place test tube upside down over funnel Use ruler to measure 100cm, place light here Leave for a minute and count bubbles Move 10cm closer leave for 1 min and count again Repeat until 10cm Record results in a table
95
What is the method for the enzyme activity practical
Add 2 drops of iodine in each well of spotting tile Add 2cm cubes of PH, startch and buffer test tube maintain temp using water bath Start timer every 30 seconds use a rod to remove a solution sample Add to well. Observe colour change and repeat every 30 seconds until no colour change is observed Repeat with different PH
96
Write down the method for the food test practical
Add 2-3 drops of each sample Observe colour change Heat samples in water bath for Benedict’s only

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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