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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cell thar can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types

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2
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Stem cells are from adults that can only differentiate to certain specialized cells

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3
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells from embryos that can differentiate into any specialsed cells

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5
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found

A

Early human embryos

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6
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

Patients cells are used to create an early embryo clone of themselves stem cells from the embryo can be used to treat the patients medical condition

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7
Q

Give one advantage of therapeutic cloning

A

Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected when transplanted because they have the same genes as the patient

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8
Q

Give one disadvantage of using adult stem cells

A

Can take a long time for a suitable donor to be found

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9
Q

Give two advantages of using adult stem cells

A

Fewer ethical issues as obtained from adults who can consent to their use

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10
Q

Give two advantages of using embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into any specialized cell so can be used to treat many diseases
Easier to obtain as they can be taken from soare embryos from fertility clinic

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11
Q

Give two disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells

A

Ethical issues surrounding their use as every embryo is a life
Potential risks involved with treatment such as transfer of viral infections

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12
Q

What are plant meristems

A

Area where rapid cell division occurs in the tips of the roots and shoots

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13
Q

Give two advantages of using plant meristems to clone plants

A

Rare species can be cloned to protect them from extinction
Plants with specialized features can be cloned to produce many copies

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14
Q

Give one disadvantage of using plant meridtems to clone plants

A

No genetic variation so an entitled cloned crop could be destroyed by disease

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15
Q

What is cell division by mitosis

A

Body cells divide to form two identical daughter cells

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

Growth and repair of cells asexual reproduction

17
Q

What happens during the first stage of the cell cycle

A

Cells grow bigger chromosomes duplicate number of sub cellular stiructures increase

18
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled apart to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

19
Q

What happens during the third stage of the cell cycle

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two identical daughter cells

20
Q

What takes plsce in the final step of cell division

A

Cell membrane divides
Cytoplasm divides

21
Q

Suggest the role that stem cells could play in a diabetic persons body

A

They could replace faulty cells

22
Q

Suggest one disadvantage of using stem cells to treat diabetes

A

Risk of infection

23
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of dna in hey codes for a characteristic

24
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long strand of dna

25
Q

Order the structure from smallest to largest
Chromosome
Nucleus
Gene
Cell

A

Gene
Chromosome
Nucleus
Cell

26
Q

Genetic material is stored in a subbcellular structure called the ——. The chemical that contains instructions for the organism is called ——-. Long strands of this chemical are called —-/. ——// are sections of dna. They hold information that codes for a particular——.

A

Nucleus
Dna
Chromosomes
Genes
Characteristic

27
Q

How many copies of each chromosome does a human body cell contain

A

2

28
Q

What are the steps of cell division

A

Dna replicates
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
One set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell
Two nuclei are formed
Cell membrane divides
Two identical cells are formed

29
Q

Name the process by which body cells divide

A

Mitosis

30
Q

Give one reason why scientists should not use an electron microscope to observe Daphnia (single cell organisms that live in water)

A

Damaged by the electron microscope

31
Q

Describe the main steps in mitosis

A

Dna replicates
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
The nucleus divides
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides

32
Q

Name the area in a plant cell where stem cells are located

A

Meristem

33
Q

Why are meridtems a form of cloning

A

It produces genetically identical offspring

34
Q

Suggest two advantages of using meristems to produce new plant species, as opposed to letting the plant reproduce naturally

A

Quicker and cheaper

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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