Cell Division Flashcards
What is a stem cell?
Undifferentiated cell thar can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types
What are adult stem cells
Stem cells are from adults that can only differentiate to certain specialized cells
Where can adult stem cells be found
Bone marrow
What are embryonic stem cells
Stem cells from embryos that can differentiate into any specialsed cells
Where are embryonic stem cells found
Early human embryos
What is therapeutic cloning
Patients cells are used to create an early embryo clone of themselves stem cells from the embryo can be used to treat the patients medical condition
Give one advantage of therapeutic cloning
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected when transplanted because they have the same genes as the patient
Give one disadvantage of using adult stem cells
Can take a long time for a suitable donor to be found
Give two advantages of using adult stem cells
Fewer ethical issues as obtained from adults who can consent to their use
Give two advantages of using embryonic stem cells
Can differentiate into any specialized cell so can be used to treat many diseases
Easier to obtain as they can be taken from soare embryos from fertility clinic
Give two disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells
Ethical issues surrounding their use as every embryo is a life
Potential risks involved with treatment such as transfer of viral infections
What are plant meristems
Area where rapid cell division occurs in the tips of the roots and shoots
Give two advantages of using plant meristems to clone plants
Rare species can be cloned to protect them from extinction
Plants with specialized features can be cloned to produce many copies
Give one disadvantage of using plant meridtems to clone plants
No genetic variation so an entitled cloned crop could be destroyed by disease
What is cell division by mitosis
Body cells divide to form two identical daughter cells
What is the purpose of mitosis
Growth and repair of cells asexual reproduction
What happens during the first stage of the cell cycle
Cells grow bigger chromosomes duplicate number of sub cellular stiructures increase
What happens during mitosis
One set of chromosomes is pulled apart to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
What happens during the third stage of the cell cycle
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two identical daughter cells
What takes plsce in the final step of cell division
Cell membrane divides
Cytoplasm divides
Suggest the role that stem cells could play in a diabetic persons body
They could replace faulty cells
Suggest one disadvantage of using stem cells to treat diabetes
Risk of infection
What is a gene
A section of dna in hey codes for a characteristic
What is a chromosome
A long strand of dna
Order the structure from smallest to largest
Chromosome
Nucleus
Gene
Cell
Gene
Chromosome
Nucleus
Cell
Genetic material is stored in a subbcellular structure called the ——. The chemical that contains instructions for the organism is called ——-. Long strands of this chemical are called —-/. ——// are sections of dna. They hold information that codes for a particular——.
Nucleus
Dna
Chromosomes
Genes
Characteristic
How many copies of each chromosome does a human body cell contain
2
What are the steps of cell division
Dna replicates
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
One set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell
Two nuclei are formed
Cell membrane divides
Two identical cells are formed
Name the process by which body cells divide
Mitosis
Give one reason why scientists should not use an electron microscope to observe Daphnia (single cell organisms that live in water)
Damaged by the electron microscope
Describe the main steps in mitosis
Dna replicates
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
The nucleus divides
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
Name the area in a plant cell where stem cells are located
Meristem
Why are meridtems a form of cloning
It produces genetically identical offspring
Suggest two advantages of using meristems to produce new plant species, as opposed to letting the plant reproduce naturally
Quicker and cheaper
