Youth Justice CRI2202 Flashcards
Define ‘Juvenile’
individuals able to be held criminally responsible but have not reached adulthood’ - Older than 10 but not 18
HORMONES: Impact of thyroid (name of hormone + aspect of growth influenced)
Thyroxine -> normal brain development and overall rate of growth
HORMONES: Adrenal (name of hormone + aspect of growth influenced)
Adrenal androgen -> some changes at puberty, particularly the development of secondary sex characteristics in girls
HORMONES: Testes (m) (name of hormone + aspect of growth influenced)
Testosterone -> triggers sequence of primary and secondary sex characteristics changes at puberty
HORMONES: Ovaries (f) (name of hormone + aspect of growth influenced)
Oestrogen -> Development of menstrual cycle and breasts
HORMONES: Pituitary (name of hormone + aspect of growth influenced)
Growth hormone, activating hormone -> rate of physical maturation, signals other glands to secrete
Sensorimotor stage - explain
- age 0-2
- Coordinations of senses with motor response,
- sensory curiosity
- Language used for demands and cataloguing
- object permanence
Preoperational stage - explain
2-7 years
- symbolic thinking, proper syntax and grammar
- Imagination and intuition
- conservation developed
concrete operational - explain
7-11 years
- Time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied
Formal operations
11 +
- theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
- abstract logic and reasoning
- strategy and planning become possible
- concepts applied in different contexts
Kohlberg moral reasoning - Preconventional morality
- avoid punishment
- power of authorities
Conventional morality
- the values and rules of society
- uphold the rules
Postconventional morality
- examine customs and social rules
- “respect for human life, takes over from the law”
- adults after age 20
Erik Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development
Infant: trust vs mistrust toddler: shame and doubt vs. autonomy pre-schooler: guilt vs initiative school-ager: inferiority vs industry adolescent: role confusion vs identity young adult: isolation vs intimacy middle age: stagnation vs generativity elder: despair vs ego-integrity
Maslows Hierarchy - what are the stages?
- Self-actualisation (achieving ones full potential)
- esteem needs (accomplishments)
- belongingness and love needs (relationships)
- safety needs
- physiological needs
Describe the four attachment styles
secure (content, engaged)
avoidant (quiet, withdrawn)
ambivalent (anxious, insecure, not focused
disorganised (angry, depressed, difficulty making friends)
Cognitive neuroscience in children - Steinberg (2009)
Two neurobiological systems - a socioemotional and a cognitive control system are responsible for children and adolescents engaging in delinquent behaviour
Explain the socio-emotional system (cognitive neuroscience)
- emotional reactions to events
- controls rewards and sensation-seeking behaviour
Explain cognitive control system (cognitive neuroscience)
executive functions: ie., foresight, delaying gratification, future oriented thinking
cognitive neuroscience: explain cold cognition
- Thought processes- low emotional arousal
- reasoned actions
- predict possible consequences of actions
- approx. 16 years
cognitive neuroscience: explain hot cognition
- thought processes - periods of stress/high emotional intensity
- riskiest for young people
- results in risk taking
- little consideration for consequences
Limitations of antisocial youths
- development delay in moral judgement
- self-serving cognitive distortions
- social skill deficiencies
Explain the delay in moral judgement
- Peristence of immature morality
- anti-social beh.
- superficial moral judgement
- obeying the law
(insecurity in community, social ramifications) - anti-social youths
Describe distortions in self-serving cognitive
- Schemas of self-serving cognitive distortion
“thinking errors”
“Faulty beliefs”
Inaccurate or non veridical
High levels can facilitate aggression and other antisocial behavior
