PSY2015 - LECTURE SERIES Flashcards
1
Q
The following statement represents which aspect of ‘must-abatory’ thinking and disturbance? “It’s terrible to be thought of as selfish, as I must not be.”
A
Awfulising
2
Q
The following statement represents which aspect of ‘must-abatory’ thinking and disturbance? “Things must be easy and comfortable in my life, or else I can’t stand it.”
A
Low frustration tolerance
3
Q
The ‘lexical hypothesis’ refers to
A
Dictionary approach
4
Q
The PID-5 is
A
A dimensional questionnaire enabling diagnosis.
5
Q
Eysneck and measure
A
Combined questionnaires with psychological measures
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised
6
Q
Costa and McCrae are associated with the Five Factor Model of personality traits. Their particular self-report measure is called the
A
NEO
7
Q
Individual differences are considered to be ___________________ of biological processes by those who propose biological models.
A
Products
8
Q
In Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, the BAS is associated with
A
The mesolimbic and dopaminergic pathways
9
Q
In Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, the BIS is associated with
A
Anxiety
10
Q
Richard Davidson argues that
A
Psychological intervention results in changes in the brain
11
Q
Goal directedness was first proposed by
A
Adler
12
Q
Adler’s theoretical contribution to psychology is most similar to that later proposed by
A
Glasser
13
Q
Maslow proposed two classes of need. They are
A
Being and defiency needs
14
Q
According to Maslow, self-actualisation is when the following occur: RUE
A
Experience life vividly, with full concentration, and total absorption.
Use ‘I’ statements
Recognise and value peak experiences in our life
15
Q
According to Maslow, self-transcendence is when the following may occur:
A
Communion beyond the boundaries of the self with mystical experience
16
Q
A culture-free test is a test of intelligence that
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Free of cultural bias
17
Q
Sub-cultural effects in intelligence refer to
A
Different sub-groups in a community
18
Q
Carol Dweck, the relatively famous Stanford University psychologist, emphasises that
A
That people either have a fixed or malleable orientation
19
Q
Eugenics is a
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Social and political philosophy
20
Q
Positive eugenics refers to
A
The systemic increasing of reproduction by individuals considered to have desirable traits
21
Q
Which was NOT claimed by Herrnstein and Murray (1984) in their book The Bell Curve
A
Intelligence was largely determined by environmental effects
22
Q
What doe Alan and Naneen Kaufman tests of intelligence measure? ASS
A
Achievement, simultaneous processing and sequential processing
23
Q
What does PASS stand for
A
Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive
24
Q
Achievement tests are those that measure.
A
Classroom performance
25
Structured mini-stories are important to gather as evidence for
influencing interviewers as to your skills and competencies.
26
According to McAdams what happens if our identity changes?
Our life story changes
27
According to McAdams, generative integration means
Creative involvement in the social world
28
IDIOGRAPHIC OR NOMOTHETIC: Emphasises the uniqueness of individuals
Idiographic
29
IDIOGRAPHIC OR NOMOTHETIC: Focuses on similarities b/w groups of individuals. Individuals are unique only in the way their traits combine
Nomothetic
30
Does idiographic use qualitative or quanitative methods
Qualitative
31
What is object-relations
refers to the rel with significant others, and is focused on the developing child
32
Ellis (1962) - REBT
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
33
BECK AND FREEMAN (1990)
Affect and behaviour are determined by cognitive schemas or structures, developed from prior experience
34
Young (2008) on schema theraphy
Schema therapy incorporates cognitive and behaviour therapy, object relations and gestalt therapy into a unified treatment strategy
35
Markus (1977) on schema
Schema are cognitive generalisations about the self are derived from past experiences
36
Cattell - trait studies
- Traits are relatively permanent, genetically based (modified by learning/interactions)
- 16 personality factors/dimentions
37
Eysenck - 3 factor model
Introversion-Extraversion (arousal)
Stability-Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Impulse control - Psychoticism (impulsivity)
38
Eysenk Personality Framework - TFHS
Traits
Facets
Habits
Specific responses
39
Eysenck Approach
Goals: - Identify main personality traits
- devise means of measuring them
- use factor analysis to figure out underlying hierarchial structure
40
McCrae & Costa 5 model
- Neuroticism
- Extraversion
- Openness to experience
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
41
How is five factor model measured
NEO-PI-R questionnaires 6 facets per trait
42
Stability of personality traits
Personality can change over the course of a persons life
43
what is PID-5
220-item
| Provides diagnosis of personality disorders based on maladaptive traits
44
Five traits of PID-5
Negative affect, detachment, psychoticism, antagonism, disinhibition (three facets/each)
45
Lemon juice experiment measures ...
Extraversion
46
Jeffrey Gray - Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)
Theory of anxiety & personality.
Behavioural activation, inhibition
Fight Flight Freezing system
47
Key ideas of RST
Identify the underlying neuropsychological foundations of IDs
Defensive direction - removes me from danger
Defensive distance - perceived distance from threat
Importance of interaction of systems
48
Richard Davidson and affective neuroscience
Neuroplasticity occurs through life
Train mind= change brain
Behavioural intervetions are biological
49
Affective chronometry
time course of a response - perseverative responses
50
Amygdala role
quickly process/express emotions (fight/flight, anger fear)
51
Prefrontal cortex role
planning & decision making
52
Downstairs brain
basic instincts, breathing, fight/flight, big feelings
53
upstairs brain
thinking, planning and considering situations
54
Right brain
emotional, experimental, bodily sensations, gut feelings
55
left brain
logical, linguistic, makes sense of things
56
Autonomic NS
regulates physiological arousal
| two branches: sympathetic (activating) and parasympathetic (inhibitory) NS
57
Heart rate variability
more variable, more healthier and flexible
58
Cascade progression - explain
1. Freeze (attentive)
2. Flight (sympathetic activation)
3. Fight ('')
4. Fright (unresponsive immobility)
5. Flag (para-sympatehtic activiation
6. Faint
59
Striving and choice
```
Emphasis on choices for life. Choose a constructive or a destructive lifestyle, and these
direct our behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
(Maslow, 1943; Glasser, 1998;
Forsyth 2008)
```
60
Therapy
life history - early memories of childhood
| dream analysis
61
Glasser - choice theory
only person whose behaviour we can control is our own
62
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Physiological - safety
Love - defiency need for affection & being need for belonginess
Esteem - defiency need for achievement & being need for respoect and admiration
Self actualisation - being need, self-fulfilment
63
Therapy - Maslow
Allow client to unfold, break through defenses, recover and get to know themselves
64
Self-transcendence
experience a communion beyond the boundaries of the self through peak experience
65
Self-transcendence
service to others
66
Carl Rogers
innate drive to self actualise, unconditional positive regard, concept of self is critical
distinction b/w real and ideal selves
67
Therapist perspective for rogers
- Client responsibility
| Client encouraged to share views
68
Goals and SMART
```
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timely
```
69
Carol Dweck - implicit theory of intelligence
Fixed vs growth mindset
| lay persons approach
70
Intelligence & culture
Intelligence cannot be meaningfully understood outside its cultural context
71
Performance orientation
look to validate intelligence with performance on test
72
learning orientation
tests = opportunity to learn new skills, extend themselves
73
Institualisation
need to control the sexual urges of the feeble-minded
74
Hernstein & Murray (1994)
- Intelligence is heritable
| - Poverty, unemployment and crime caused by people with low IQ.
75
Two different approaches to measuring individual differences
Diagnostic application - measure present performance and recommend protective and enhancing strategies
Predictive application - measure present performance as a predictor of future performance, enhance and improve outcomes for decision
76
Group tests - Yerkes (1917)
The Army Alpha Test – general routine testing
| The Army Beta Test – non-language test for illiterates and foreign-born recruits
77
Spearman general intelligence
```
g = general abilities
s = specific abilities
```
78
explain 'g'
G is in the normal course of events determined innately
79
What tests measure 'g'
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - WAIS IV (2008)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) – WISC V (2014)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) – WPPSI IV (2012)
80
WAIS - IV
look in exam info for image
81
Raymond Cattell on fluid and crystallised intelligence
Fluid intelligence - Gf: primary reasoning ability, present from birth
Crystallised intelligence - Gc: knowledge and skills, throughout life
82
Carrol - Hierarchal approach
3 levels, 8 broad factors and 'g'
83
overall
Single factor (g) v hierarchical factors
84
reliability
consistency of test measure
85
validity
test measure what it claims to
86
Within and b/w subject testing in intelligence testing
Within-individual differences = more important than between-individual differences
87
what does Gf predict
| what does Gs, Gf and Gc predict
- Gf = reading achievement
| - Gf, Gs & Gc = writing skills and expression
88
Students w/ learning disabilities
Cognitive weakness in working memory, linked to basic reading skills.
89
Explain A.R Luria studies
Higher Cortical functions: linked cognitive functions to specific regions of brain
- Focused and sustained attention (attention-arousal)
- coding processes: S &S
- simultaneous processing - coding the relationship b/w components of information
- successive processing (recipe)
- Planning
90
Why is Luria studies a challenge to the g theory
Brain is made up of interdependent but separate functional systems as g theory: intelligence made up of a number of domains that represent the interaction of the individual's biological predispositions with the environment and cultural context.Neuropsychological functioning - led to PASS theory
91
The PASS Theory (Luria) - what does PASS stand for
Planning
Attention
Simultaneous
Successive
92
Kaufmans Ability Tests
```
K-ABC II (Assessment Battery for Children)
KBIT 2 (Brief Intelligence Test)
KAIT (Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test)
```
93
Kaufman tests
Provide diagnostic clarity
Achievement – acquired knowledge, reading, arithmetic
Simultaneous processing – spatial or analog tasks
Sequential processing scale – arranging in order
Diagnosis -> school-based recommendations
Discriminate between cognitive processes and cultural knowledge
94
Triarchic theory
Psychometric view
Creative intelligence producing new ideas
Analytic intelligence evaluating those ideas
Practical intelligence putting ideas into practice
95
Garders multiple intelligence (MI) theory criticism
NOT psychometrically reliable or valid.
96
Describe narrative approach to psychology
individual’s internalised, evolving and integrative story of self.
Life stories as autobiographical projects Life stories as situated performances
97
McAdams 3 levels of personality
D
C
L
Actor: Dispositional traits (tendency towards depression etc.)
Agent: Characteristic adaptions (goals, motives)
Author: Life stories (memories)
98
The meaning of stories - Bruner
Empirical - logio-scientific
Narrative - story based, sequential
Story - setting, characters, event, consequence, reaction
- Stories entertain and inform, integrate and heal
99
Therapeutic benefits of writing out trauma
Translating personal trauma into words leads to long term health
More reflection, less emotional response
100
Narrative in therapy
Improved psychological health Pennebaker (1992)
(1) degree of negative emotion expressed
(2) extent to which traumatic event is reconstructed as a well- formed story, together with acceptance and optimism
101
Michael White - narrative therapy founder
```
Focussed on identity – stories
people tell about themselves,
how these can support or
hinder our lives, and re-authoring
richer stories of identity
```
102
Dr Zdenka Bartova - narrative therapy
Explored people’s subjective experience of mental illness.
Used Gadamerian hermeneutics – interactions between two parties as opened conversations aimed to a shared understanding, rather than objective truth.
103
Yarning
Long story telling in a group circle
Links with culture and community
leads to sense of identity / community
104
Narrative implication for education
The storying process is imparts a sense of identity, meaning and purpose to what I am learning
105
Gordon Allport
Interested in narrative approach
106
Murray and personality
Living beings must be studied as living wholes, because personality is a dynamic, organismic process
107
Mcadams & Narrative
- narratives guide behaviour
| - frame not only how we see the past but how we see ourselves in the future.
108
Life story
They are parts of personality (along with the layers of
| traits, and values/goals).
109
Life story interview structure
Life in chapters: child, adolescene, middle age
| key scenes/episodes
110
Six principles of stories
The self is storied
Stories integrate lives to affirm meaning
Stories are told in social relationships – brave and courageous, caring and concerned, weak and vulnerable
Stories can change over time Stories are cultural texts
Some stories are better than others, e.g. narrative therapy (‘thickening a thin story’ – Michael White)
111
Whats a good story: COC & RGD (McAdams)
Coherence, Openness, Credibility
| Reconciliation, Generative integration, and Differentiation
112
What did freud found
psychobiography
113
STAR format
Situation
Task
Action
Result
114
Explain relational perspective
Relational psychology is important for understanding of individual differences, and a critical for understanding and planning therapeutic intervention
115
Explain relational perspective (ATT)
Attachment
Transactional analysis
Therapeutic alliance and growth
116
Systemic perspective
```
Understanding individual differences in context, and planning therapeutic intervention
Family systems theory
Multigenerational families
Neighbourhood and sense of communtiy
sense of communion
```
117
Bowen - schzo
Looked at schizo patients and their families
118
Schizo and their families (Bowen)
Symbiotic relationship between mother and child - fusion / closeness and distance cycles
119
Kerr and Bowen
Anixety = unresolved emotional attachment
120
Relationships: Link to Individual differences
Come from the relationships that the individual has, rather than characteristics of the individual themselves
121
Triangling - exmaple
- A feels uncomfortable with too much closeness with B
- A withdraws to another activity,
- B pursues A, leading to A’s further withdrawal
- B feels neglected, and seeks out an ally (2nd triangle is formed–B&C v A)
- A feels left out, becomes anxious and moves toward B
122
What is differentiation
Differentiation is a state where it is possible to be both confident in self and other. Reduces stress -> triangling
123
What does poorly differentiated families look like
Child is constantly reacting to the emotional insecurity of the parents -> parents -> more control -> more emotional insecurity and immature behaviour in the child ; often the child with least emotional separation from the parents
The child becomes the problem
Fusion may be observed, and family members will become an ‘undifferentiated family ego mass’, or become isolated
124
Explain family dysfunction
Low level of differentiation leads to a high level of emotional reactivity, illness in a partner
125
Multigenerational transmission
When the relationship patterns continue on within the family, from one generation to the next. These may be dysfunctional or functional (awful example of stolen generation).
126
Genogram
The genogram is used to map behavioural similarities and differences, emotional cutoff and fusion.
Family tree diagram
127
Magnavita - personality - structural integration
Personality made up of a constantly interactive fluid process
It is biopsychosocial in a relational field
128
Domains of structural integration: Intrapsychic
Biological
129
Domains of structural integration: Interpersonal
Dyadic
130
Domains of structural integration: Relational
Triadic
131
Freud and psychodynamics
- Importance of interaction
- Relational context and the dyad as unit of interest,
rather than the person
- Clinical practice and research
- Interviewing and research
132
What is Standard error of the mean (SEM)?
A low standard error shows that sample means are closely distributed around the population mean—your sample is representative of your population.
133
Explain neuroticism
emotional stability - anxious vs calm
134
Explain extraversion
sociability, energetic, assertive (outgoing vs shy)
135
openness to experience
curious, consider new ideas (creative vs conventional)
136
agreeableness
helpful, trusting (gentle vs harsh)
137
conscientiousness
organised (disciplined vs disorganised)
138
Freud and dynamic theory
Material that became conscious occurred through the preconscious, which acted both as a gate to consciousness, and as a barrier to the unconscious
139
Dynamic components of freud psychodynamic theory
Energy for psychological work
Source or need (“I am hungry”)
Aim to gratify the need (“I need to eat”) An impetus (“I am going to eat right now”)
Object through which the drive achieves the aim (“the sandwich”)
140
Libido
A life force that includes sexual love, but may be generalised to friendship, and the love we have for our children and parents
Libido is cathected (channelled) onto an object
141
Freuds structural theory
Id (child-like), Ego (pragmatic) and Superego (moralistic)
| - Interaction between these three components creates intra-psychic conflict or psychodynamics
142
Ego defense mechanisms
Neurotic anxiety caused by id and superego = defense mechanisms: Protect the individual against anxiety, and their failure may result in symptom neurosis
143
Describe ego psychology
Anna Freud & Erik Erikson:
concentrates on the ego and its functions. Ego defenses, and higher order motives and goals are considered to drive human behaviour
144
Post-Freudians focus
Post-Freudians focus more on relational, social, and cultural aspects of individual differences, and on ego, rather than id
145
Bowlby & Attachment
Focus on primary caregiver and child in establishing the first dyadic relationship, determines how later attachments are made.
146
Bowlbys 3 characteristics that define attachment
- it is dependable and secure
- a safe haven
- the mother is proximal.
147
How Bowlby borrowed from Freud
Dynamic unconscious process
148
How Bowlby differed from Freud
actual relationship experiences and their effect on subsequent development
149
Donald Winnicot
Studying the child meant focusing on the dyadic relationship, hence interpersonal focus
Mother and child live an experience together
Mother’s breast is the first object not of self, and assists differentiation
150
Albert Ellis and Cognitive therapy (ABCD and E model)
Activating event – describe the situation that activated the unpleasant feeling
Belief system – thoughts that go through your mind that are unhelpful
Consequences – emotions, body sensations
Disputation of erroneous beliefs - evidence for and against
Exercise - exercise the new beliefs
151
CBT Approach
Learning to recognise and monitor negative thoughts (maladaptive cognitions)
152
Young (2008)
Schema therapy helps clients to stop using maladaptive coping styles, heal early schemas, and learn how to replace self-defeating schema
