Youth Flashcards
two key stages of transition
1) education to employment
2) parental home to independent home
Youth as ‘time out’
Hockey and James
3 parts
1) separation-from previous childhood role
2) reintergration-into new stage
3) liminal period-in between stage
-processes that go on in liminal stage transform them giving them new status
quote from James about bodies
“bodies of young people are major definitional criterion for marking adolescence
modern Britain on youth (summarise view)
physiological aspects have less importance.
not considered an adult just because bodies have matured
puberty definition
physiological changes that differentiate adults from children, changes that accompany and include development of reproductive capacities
puberty is affected by cultural factors-who argues this?
Field and Field
-e..g diet and stress
-
modern britain onset of puberty is at what age compared to pre-industrial times
- modern day 12/13
- pre-industrial times aged 3/4 (Gillis)`
differences in understanding beginning of adulthood over historical time
pre-industrial time, adulthood achieved after puberty.
modern Britain, not just regarded as adults due to bodily changes. the state considers adult at 18 but even then not really an adult (no set age)
who sees youth as a gradual and lengthy process?
Hutson and Jenkins
-involves gradual inclusion into independent adulthood
cultural differences in physiological factors affecting when you become and adult (who and what)
Brannen et al
- whilst UK parents see it as normal for kids to become more independent, those born outside UK didn’t see it as a time for increasing separation from household
- common with Asian/middle eastern families
cross-cultural perspecitves Langley
Nandi people in Kenya
-moment of circumcision is moment they become an adult
cross-cultural perspective Richards
Bemba people of Zambia
-Chinsunga ceremony after girl has first period
1950/60s celebration of youth
Abram’s paper on the teenage consumer
- teenage spending in late 50s made up significant proportion of overall spending on goods/services e.g. motorbikes and stereos
- stylised youth identities e.g. teddy boys
how does Brake describe those who dressed can afford to style youth identity
male, white, mc, beign ‘part-time’-pariticipated in out work time
demographic factors (1950/60s)
youth population became a larger cohort
ww2 disrupted established patterns of social behaviour/experiences
-leave school at 15 walk straight into a job
marginalization of youth (1980s to present day)
- decline in levels of employment
- recession hit them hardest as lack of skills
thinkers such as Maguire
talk about structural shifts in the economy
decline in traditional jobs requiring manual labour
-expansion of service sector
-larger cohort in 70/80s meant more people chasing fewer jobs
how did government help with marginalization of youth?
-kept in state education
age, social class and ethnicity factors
- teen marriage rates down from 1 in 4 to 1 in 18 (Kiernan and Wicks)
- Jones and Wallace-wc women experience marriage and pregnancy earlier than white males
who talks about individualisation (relate to youth cultures) and what is his argument?
- Beck: the risk society
- changes in employment and family life make life courses less certain than previous society
- back then, life courses were predictable and defined by factors such as ethnicity
- now less differentiated
- flexible biographical project we can direct as individuals
- but increased choice brings increased uncertainty
why is extension of the youth phase beneficial?
- can take stock of all options
- but also risk and uncertainty
- peer groups important because spend longer in age graded institutions
youth culture definition
group of interacting individuals experiencing common shared problems and experiences and develop particular meaning systems, forms of expression and lifestyles
Murdock annd McCrota describe youth as:
“becoming a generation for itself with distinct consciousness and style
who talks about functions of youth cultures?
Eisenstadt
