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soc 224 after midterm 1 > Youth > Flashcards

Youth Flashcards

1
Q

“Troubling” youth

A

primarily a risk to others
-e.g. crime; gangs
-trouble to society

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2
Q

“Troubled” youth

A

-primarily a risk to themselves
-e.g. substance use

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3
Q

punishable young offender

A

term by Bryan Hogeveen to describe the discursive construction of some young offenders as “troublesome” and therefore requiring punishment in order to make them accountable for their criminal acts

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4
Q

Reformable young offender

A

a term coined by Bryan Hogeveen to describe the discursive construction of some young offenders as “troubled” and therefore needing intervention in the hope they can be rehabilitated

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5
Q

youth crime: most common offences

A
  1. assault- level 1 (least violent of violent crime, pushing or slapping but nonphysical harm to the victim/person)
  2. mischief
  3. shoplifting under $5000
  4. uttering threats
  5. assault -level 2 (weapon was used and physical harm present)
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6
Q

Assault - level 3

A

person violently assaulted

life-altering injuries

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7
Q

youth crime data by gender and age

A

young men and men overall are more likely than women to commit crime

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8
Q

crime rate in canada

A

is going down, and violent crime is not the major type of crime in youth either

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9
Q

reality versus perception of youth crime in Canada

A

perception of youth crime
-popular images = out of control and worse than ever

the perception that youth are more criminal today

the perception that youth commit more violent offenses today

the gap between perception and reality is explained in reference to media (e.g. moral panics) and professional groups (eg. police/government)

-the media emphasizes the violent crimes done by youth and does not focus on other crimes, and youth crime severity has decreased dramatically

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10
Q

Juvenile delinquents act (JDA)

A

1908

jurisdiction over children 7 to 15 years of age

based on parens patriae (government taking over children wall fare)
-state has a duty to assume the role of a parent in the case of a delinquent or dependent child with no parents

courts could choose
-impose fines
-foster home
-impose probationary sentence
-probation officers

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11
Q

JDA Probation Officer role

A

-conducted investigations for the court

-assisted and directed the court

-represented the interests of the child in court

-supervised children sentenced to probation

-aim to reform the child and to reform the family

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11
Q

a twig is bent

A

concern that the family was strained, parents were not being able to stay home
-younger people were hastily getting married possibly because of the war –> for companionship

-young women going out and spending money, dancing

billiard rooms

alcohol consumption

families in poverty

playing hooky-> not going to school “truency”

all of these were contributing to destroying the family

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12
Q

structural functionalism

A

family has a role to socially protect their children so if this if the parental role is missing they will not get this

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13
Q

film example

A

the boy’s family had failed him, so he learned the gang life. the probation officer investigates and focuses on the family

-the probation supervising kind a parent acting in supervision

-reform the child and help the family, cure the family to cure the child

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14
Q

young offenders act (YOA)

A

-introduced because JDA was perceived as being “too soft” on youth crime, too expensive, and children not being adequately supervised by probation officers

focused on youth responsibility, societal protection
-but also special needs of youth, alternative measures

–> Movement away from the child welfare approach and toward the punitive adult approach
-> still had protections for younger children
-> alternative options like community service cleaning

children were getting away with too much–> if they are committing adult crimes, they know what they are doing

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15
Q

prescription for the family crisis

A

go to church on sunday

get involved in the schools, PTA (parent teacher association)

make sure children are raised to respect authority

financial literacy (budgeting and saving)

know your child’s friends

models of childrens hobbies (knitting)

good wholesome literature

know who you daughters are dating

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16
Q

Youth Criminal justice act (YCJA) 2003

A

was introduced because YOA contained conflicting principles, resulted in the overuse of incarceration, and failed to adequately provide for the youth reintegration

YCJA introduced a bifurcated youth justice system
-two-pronged system that allows for the diversion of first-time and less serious offenders out of the system, while allowing more punitive forms of punishment for more serious offenders

too many children were being imprisoned or institutionalized from YOA, children 16 years old were being over criminalized

17
Q

psychological factors related to youth deviance

A

risk factors: poor mental health status, low self-esteem, antisocial behaviors/attitudes

protective factors: intellectual and interpersonal abilities. positive self-esteem, personal responsibility, pro-social behaviors

antisocial and psychopathy are related to crime

17
Q

youth custody sentences after 2003

A

how effective was the 2003 incarceration rates

YCJA incrimination rates went down

18
Q

YCJA and less serious offences/Offenders

A

-community service
-restitution or compensation in cash or services
-letter of apology or essay
-referrals to community, Aboriginal, or youth justice committees (that can recommend sanctions)
-referrals to specialized programs for counseling, treatment or education, etc.

restorative justice program: e.g. victim-offender reconciliation programs

19
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

approach to justice that seeks to repair harm by providing opportunity for those harmed and those who take responsibility for the harm to communicate and address their needs in the aftermath

provides opportunities for victims, offenders, and communities affected by a crime to communicate directly or indirectly about causes, circumstances, the impact of crime, and address related needs

based on understanding that crime is a violation of people and relationships and is based on principles of respect, compassion, and inclusivity

engagement, accountability, opportunity for healing, reparation, and reintegration

-gives the victim a voice, holds the person accountable, allows the criminal to make amends and restore the relationship-> which is not seen in the actual legal system

restorative justice has better outcomes than traditional legal systems

20
Q

Biological/genetic factors related to youth deviance

A

the role of nucelus accumbens/prefrontal lobe developments

prefrontal cortex is not developed at a young age
-the cortex tells us not to do something, at a young age we make more risky activity and our prefrontal cortex is not fully developed
-grows slower
-there may be a disconnect

nucleus accumbens is related to high risk activity and impulse behavior

risk factor:
FASD, =
brain injuries
learning disabilities = 8% of the population have learning disabilities like dyslexia

protective factors: resiliency, intelligence, athleticism(can regulate risk factors)

20
Q

YCJA and more serious offences/offenders

A

presumptive offences for which a youth would be sentenced as an adult

-murder
-attempted murder
-manslaughter
-aggravated sexual assault
-or a violent offence where the youth had already been convicted twice before

21
Q

resilience research

A

break the pattern of creating the same pattern of dysfunction in their life

some people escape the pattern and some do not

dysfunctional/difficult family

  1. even though their home life was chaotic, ever Sunday they went to church and this grounded things and gave them security
  2. the group that did okay, they were invited to their friends house and saw that there were families that lived healthily –> they were able to see and differentiate this
  3. even though their life was chaotic, there was someone in their community they could go to
22
Q

family factors related to youth deviance

A

social bond theory
-attachment was the most important
-strong family bonds less to commit crime, and kids who skip school more are more likely to commit crime

-children with strong bonds/attachments to parents have better mental and physical health; highly unlikely to become involved in criminal activity
-children who are poorly treated and witness domestic violence are at risk to becoming involved with gangs

23
Q

school factors related to youth deviance

A

schools provide structured daytime activities and support healthy socialization

-many gang members spend long periods of time outside of school (frequent suspensions, high rates of absenteeism, and dropouts)

school-related factors that improve outcomes: school success and bonding, participation in extracurricular activities and low delinquency rate

24
Q

Regoli and Hewitt

Youth, parents, teachers

A

-all children are oppressed relative to adults, but some children are even more so

-where oppression is extreme, children will generalize this to all authority figures including police, teachers, and shopkeepers

-The response by parents and teachers is to increase oppressive measures resulting in youth rebelling

overly opressed–> learn to distrust parents -> teachers, police and other adults

24
Q

peer group factors related to youth deviance

A

Risk factors
-delinquent siblings and peers
-differential association theory (Sutherland)

if you hang out with the wrong group more often than family
-delinquent friends in absence of family

protective factors: pro-social peers; positive peer group membership

24
Q

gender gap: differential socialization

A

Heimer and De Coster: gender and violent crime
-The gender gap is the result of cultural processes and structural positions

cultural processes (social learning; gender role of socialization)
-men: aggressive, risk-taking; emphasis on physical strength
-women: nurturing, sexual virtue, female beauty, ethic of care
-families more stringently monitor younger girls

women: sexual currency allows women to reply upon sex if needed rather than other crimes

basically we are socialized by everyone around us, more likely to be delinquent in our youth and more likely if male

24
Q

socilization for girls

A

-nurture
-dolls
-babysit
-female beauty= girls spending time and money

25
Q

gender gap: structural positions

A

-structural disadvantage influenced male and female violent crime

-in general, the most violent males are those who are the most disadvantaged

-structural disadvantages has a greater impact on men’s criminal behavior than on women’s

25
Q

men tend to _______ more

A

speed more

smoke

not wear seat belts

26
Q

gender gap is huge for violent crime

A

women can use sex when desperate to not be in crime

or they can get into a relationship with a stable man

26
Q

Sybille Artz

gender gap structural position

A

-issues of power are at the center of girl violence

-locate girl aggression in a society characterized by sexism, abuse, and inequality

-many violent girls have psychosocial problems: dysfunctional families, internalization of sexist gender roles, lack of anger management skills

it is more disturbing when a woman does the same violence as a man would
- girls who are violent: this stems from their anger about knowing how women are oppressed or seen as the lesser sex

27
Q

community and neighborhood factors

A

risk factor examples:
-community disorganization: community disorganization theory
-exposure to violence social learning theory

protective factors
-living in a community with mixed socio-economic backgrounds of families
-organized and accessible community/social infrastructure
-bonding to institutions outside of family and school
-strong cultural identity and racial harmony

Toronto and Edmonton to avoid ghettoization every community is supposed to have a place for low income

institutions like YMCA, ODR, community league, schools, religion, church

27
Q

Biopsychosocial theory
“maturational reform”

A
  • the fact that people are less likely to commit crimes as they grow older

-physiological limitations
-jobs and marriage are incentives to conform
-people come to depend on us (social bonds)
-more socially responsible as we age out of youth
-e.g. less likely to ‘get wasted’ on a weekend

-once we mature, we mature out of crime
-physiological limitations
-have responsibilities that discipline us
-children and married –> do not want to let them down

-social bonds over children depend on us

-there is a tolerance for youth delinquency –> less likely as older

27
Q

social disorganization theory

Shaw and Mckay

A

crime is a function of neighborhood dynamics
-crime most likely in urban areas undergoing change; “zones of transition”; slum areas

-these areas lack the development of conventional institutions of social control, characterized by poverty and transiency, racial tension

children growing up in these communities experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty
-this leads to substance use and drug trafficking for example, as means of coping

-it may be that in a slum-setting, delinquency often the most exciting and interesting thing for these youths to do

28
Q

Nasty girl moral panic
Barron and Lacombe

A

-The nasty girl; moral panic represents a projection of late-modernity anxieties onto crime/criminals

-nasty girls have been viewed as sinister products of feminism

-Western culture promotion of ‘bad girls’ (‘girl power’)
-e.g. Alanis Morisette

girls being violent–> this is not right

mean girls nasty girls
- women have become like men (working), and most naturally for women to be doing this, we are constantly celebrating bad girls and this encourages us to behave this way

29
Q

radical conflict theory

A
  • based on the work of Karl Marx

-capitalism is the root cause of crime

-CJS is tool of capitalist class to control the working class

David Greenberg:
-young people at increased risk of criminal activity because capitalist structure forces them into financial dependency
-working-class youth for low pay

Herman and Julia Schwendinger:
-capitalist drive for profit displaces workers through the adoption of technology’s
-increases economic dependency of unskilled workers

likely to be exploited, and automation replaces entry-level jobs

29
Q

crime was more common in certain areas

A

Chicago

areas of transition were where most crimes was -> transient communities not really schools, families do not do this stuff in transient communities

-in many of these communities, doing something delinquent is the only fun you can have

30
Q

David Matza

Delinquency and drift

A

Matza questioned theories that centered on class and structure as determinations of gang involvement

Matza’s research showed that individual gang member’s commitment to deviant subculture norms was only partial

-Young people involved in gang often has a commitment to anti-establishment and criminal activity; rather, they drifted between conventional and deviant behavior

believed that this was owing to the lack of consensus in society about values

did find that youth crime career may be prolonged by early delinquency, drug use, and joblessness

young people can drift back and forth-> experimentation in youth

drift is also due to lack of consensus: we are multicultural and pluralistic challenging the status quo, there are so many different opinions

there is not a clear linear path to life anymore

30
Q

Western Canada violent gang activity

focus on neighborhood structural factors

A

violent gang activity tends to occur in neighborhoods marked by

-high poverty
-poor housing
-drug use/dealing
-transient population
-high rate of high school non-completion

soc 224 after midterm 1 (4 decks)

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