sexuality

Question 1

sexual citizenship in Canada

Answer 1

early 1900s: homosexuality considered deviant behaviour; indicative of mental pathology

1950s-1960s: the cold war and the fruit machine

1969: consensual sex between 2 men >21 decriminalized
(Pierre Trudeau - no place for the state in the bedroom of the nation)

1980s: AIDS crisis

Question 2

homosexuality

Answer 2

at one point was seen as a sin
-> even now people will point out that it is wrong
-> for awhile it was considered mentally ill

pluralism= suggesting that there are more than one way and that there is a continuum of being straight or gay

Question 3

cold war, McCarthyism, and fruit machine

Answer 3

if someone was in the war or military and they were gay/lesbian they were seen as a liability cause they would be captured and sell out secrets i this was found out

the fruit machine
- specific to canada
-derogatory term to men who were gay “what are you a fruit”
-measure heart, rate, pupils etc while showing pornographic images of either two men or two women and see if they how reaction to this

Question 4

deviant behavior’s that indicated you were gay?

Answer 4

pinky ring on, breasting your books, the left side of the bar sitting down, a white convertible, if you went to play sports with other girls, how you hold your cigarette

ideology behind al this was that homosexuality was “contagious” and we needed to separate the two groups

Question 5

group think

Answer 5

-people feel privileged
-want to remain in the group
-social phenomenon
-people do not speak out sometimes when in a group dynamic
-bunch of very intelligent people but got a situation very very wrong

Question 6

dates mentioned

Answer 6

divorce laws changed in 1968

birth control legalized in 1969

Question 7

1980’s Aids crisis

Answer 7

gay men were the folk devils

–> AIDS was more common in gay men

–> but people went after them

–> related to condom use

-> anal sex is high risk Behaviour, more tearing more risk for infection

Question 8

sodomy

Answer 8

anal sex

decriminalized in the 90s

was illegal until then

Question 9

1981: operation soap-Toronto protests and rallies

Answer 9

bathhouses raided and convicted the gay men who were in these places

-no one wanted to take responsibility for doing this

-Canadians were outraged

Question 10

Canadian universities begin to develop Gay and lesbian studies programs

Answer 10

in the late 1980s

-universities developed these programs

Question 11

little sisters bookstore- Vancouver wins censorship battle

Answer 11

erotic books/ bookstore

customs stopped the books from going into the town at the airport because of the obscene material and sent it back

the bookstore ultimately won the battle

Question 12

legalization of same sex marriage

Answer 12

2005

the first few places were Netherlands, Belgium and Spain

Question 13

Age of consent for sexual activity raised to 16

Answer 13

2008

-the age used to be 14
-Stephan harper changed it to 16 years old

Question 14

objectivist orientation

structural functionalist

Answer 14

-families are also an institution

-heterosexual, 2 children (ideal family)

-family contributes to socioeconomic stability

-dad works and provides, mom takes care of and feeds kids

-good education

Question 15

nuclear family model

Answer 15

-love and take care of each other

-anyone who deviates away from this

-even singles etc threaten the stability

-this model is becoming less and less common

1. single home
2. brother sister
3. couple and no children

Question 16

subjectivist orientation

Answer 16

-the social construction processes and deviance dance
-e.g. prostitution

-critical theories
-symbolic interactionism
-power-reflexive theories

Question 17

objectivist: structural functionalism theorizing

Answer 17

Talcott Parsons
- family provides a number of functions for society:

-care for children
-socialization of children
-social cohesion-> societal stability

Question 18

sexuality views from a structural functionalists point

Answer 18

• sexual activity that is limited to marital relationships is most functional for society
• sexual ‘deviants’ are those who do not conform to societal standards (norms) and therefore threaten societal stability (potential anomie)

Question 19

subjectivist orientation: social construction processes: history, culture and sex

Answer 19

history: who was considered to be a sexual deviant has changed over time

culture: formal and informal social control differences across cultures

sex: impact of cultural changes: diversity in experience

e.g. homosexuality has changed historically, it used to be seen as a mental disease and now it is a sexually healthy expression

sex is not viewed as only for procreation anymore
-> Views on sex have changed
-> suggests structural functionalism

Question 20

prostitutions

Answer 20

the term now is sex trade workers

Question 21

the social construction of a social problem

prostitution the focus on the discourses

Answer 21

morality–> public health–> victimization–>worker rights

this is not a linear process

many people still think it is immoral or a sin

Question 22

prostitution as a moral problem

Answer 22

sinful
- drives men away from their wives - the thought at the time was that sex was only for wives and for making babies

men can’t waste their seed -> can’t have sex for reasons other than having a baby

use of your body for purposes other than serving god–> so god gave you this body it is not yours to sell

social gospel movements: need to cleanse the community- only then can individuals living there find god –> white middle-class protestant movement cleanse the community for when god comes to see it is beautiful

criminal
- 1892 Canada’s criminal code: officers against morality

-infanticide, sodomy, incest, indecency, seduction, corruption of children, prostitution, and providing or procuring an abortion

Question 23

prostitution: from morality to public health

Answer 23

the gold rush: moving towards tolerance of the sex trade
-prostitution as a necessary evil

-acknowledged the gender imbalance in the Yukon
-practical solutions for men’s natural lust
-tolerance would protect women from sex-hungry throngs
(men have this sexual urge that needs to be repressed so they could become violent and public health says they are protecting against STI’s and women’s safety (from men))

Dawson City Public Health Law introduced
-all prostitutes had to be checked monthly for syphilis

Dawson City was very isolated, there were way more men than women. If the men found gold they would trade it in for money and go to the bar or brothel and get drinks and women

Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan
-those charged with prostitution could be tested for STD’s
-government regulation of educational literature e.g. STD’S

Question 24

harm reduction example

Answer 24

if you cannot target the primary deviance for example (prostitution) you would focus on the secondary ones

e.g. public health focusing on the control of STI’S because prostitution is going to happen no matter what

Question 25

“Guys if you’re not ready, don’t stand in line”

Answer 25

speaks to the demand for women and their services back then

Question 26

getting help with sexual concerns

Answer 26

people avoided doctors and talking to them, and opted just for treatment–> this was out of shame and embarrassment because of how people were about sex back then

Question 27

prostitution: from public health to victimization

Answer 27

-sex trade linked to human trafficking

-average age of entry into the sex trade was 13-15 in 2001

-most male and female sex workers were victims of abuse in childhood

-most have experienced violence in their work

are heavily stigmatized, marginalized, and experience lower levels of healthcare access
-HIV-AIDS
-criminality of trade workers makes work dangerous (illegal made it more dangerous)
-many women avoided hospitals because they worried they would be victimized more and people would find out

Question 28

Brothel- book by Alexa Albert

Answer 28

-in-depth interviews
-wanted to test if legalizing prostitution would make it safer for the women

in Nevada it was legalized, there was the mustang ranch

man chooses who he wants to have sex with, negotiates, there are alarms in the rooms

Alexa wanted to know if this made it safer –> she found mixed findings
- it was safer but the women were still exploited. the owner of the ranch took a lot of their money, and their husbands at home would too

essentially prostitution was not going to go away so legalize it to make things safer, but this was not the full answer it was still unsafe

Question 29

prostitution: from victimization to workers rights

Answer 29

2014

anti-prostitution laws struck down; laws determined to infringe on the rights of sex workers by depriving them of security of person

those criminal laws determined to be invalid included those related:
1. the keeping of a common bawdy house
2. living on the avails of prostitution
3. soliciting on the street

• a bawdy: any home with those bedrooms for having sex

living on the avails: targeted pimps or those making money off of the women, but some women do not have pimps but they would like bodyguard or security. Applies to anybody they could hire to protect them (no one will take this job they could be arrested)

soliciting: the law against this made things more dangerous, made questions quicker and the exchange/negotiation were rushed so there could be judgment errors because they did not want to get caught by cops

Question 30

Bill c-36 the protection of communities and exploited persons act

Answer 30

• treats prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation that disproportionately impacts women and girls. it’s overall objectives are to :

-protect those who sell their own sexual services
-protect communities, and children from the harm caused by prostitution
-reduce the demand for prostitution and its incidence

Question 31

coyote advocacy
(call off your old tired ethics)

Answer 31

calling on all the sex trade workers in the US to name all the politicians they had sex with –> this makes men nervous

1. repeal of all existing prostitution laws
   - most of the problems/harms associated with prostitution are direct results of its criminality
2. the reconstitution of prostitution as a credible service occupation
   -argue that most women engaged in sex work voluntarily
   -women should have the right to sell their sexual services just like selling brain services
   -no significant distinction between a woman doing different jobs and being paid
3. the protection of prostitutes’ rights as legitimate workers
   -basis that work is legitimate and voluntary, claims of civil rights as workers are made
   -institutionalized vocabulary of sex workers - they are entitled to workers’ rights and protection

** The point of this being voluntary made several people uneasy because if given another viable option people would choose differently

Question 32

The social construction of social problems

Stuart Isaacs

Answer 32

social problems appear/disappear owing to:
-government policy
-newsworthy events (e.g. Toronto bathhouses)
-noticeable social change (e.g. women getting to vote)
-the scale of the issue (e.g. are there children involved)
-voices (respected, prominent claims makers)
-advancements in science/research findings

*usually combination of some of the above

Question 33

social problems are often ‘social structural problems’

Answer 33

e.g. sex (pre-marital, prostitutions, pornography’s and homosexuality)

-need to know context

Question 34

the modern girl: feminine modernities, the body, and commodities in the 1920s
-Jane Nicholas (2015)

Answer 34

the flapper
-independent. Young, urban women
-revealing clothing, makeup, short hair
-kept later hours, danced, drank alcohol, smoked, sexual activity
-shopped for pleasure ( aided by changes in advertising culture)

Jane Nicholas
-the thematic anaylsis of all the writings abiut flappers, and the moral panic concept

Question 35

industrialization and urbanization go together

women

Answer 35

women were leaving the farm for the city, more women were working. This cohort of young educated financially independent women, relatively free and away from the watching eye of the community and families

Question 36

women in the 1900s versus 1920s

Answer 36

early 1900s, the mothers of the flappers wore loose clothes, not form fitting and had very little skin showing

1920s- flapper
-dark eyeliner was new
-short bobbed hair
-show a lot of skin
-heels
-jewelry and lot’s of accessories

Question 37

The flapper and the moral panic

Answer 37

” the flapper”
-first film to focus on flapper
-starred Olive Thomas who died months after its release following an accidental overdose
-first Hollywood death to be sensationalized

moral panic: exaggerated and sensationalized concern over a particular phenomenon

Flappers became associated with drugs and illicit sex and danger

the moral panic was that women were showing more skin and were going to get cancer and take up hospital beds, there was also the idea of immoral acts around these girls

Question 38

immigrants into Canada

Answer 38

-> Coming from a protestant country

-> different language

-> People saw this as a threat to the “Canadian race”

Question 39

health of men serving for their country

Answer 39

-30-50% of men who wanted to serve
-failed the health test, were not healthy enough to go to war
-the healthiest men went to war and came back different from what they were (psychologically, injured)

Question 40

what did flappers not wear?

Answer 40

corsets

Question 41

the flapper as the folk devil

Answer 41

society projecting social anxieties onto flappers/women’s bodies
-source of anxiety: downfall of nation/Canadian “race”

anxiety about immigration, urbanization, morality, drugs, women’s emancipation etc.

Question 42

social typing and sexuality

Answer 42

description: flapper

evaluation: e.g. Marilyn Monroe: flapper, floozy, dumb Dora, scatterbrain, prima donna, phony
-how they were judged

prescription:
catholic church: women who showed bare skin were living in sin

league against indecency in dress (middle class protestant women): demanded stores stop selling the dresses and distributing catalogs because the flapper dress invited sexual assault

Question 43

critical theorists’ perspectives

Answer 43

subjectivist position:

deviance= people, behaviors, or characteristics that people in power say and in need of control

deviance results from the violation of dominant moral codes ( dominant moral codes are determined by those in power)

Question 44

critical researchers are interested in…?

Answer 44

studying deviant/normal sexuality focuses on the manner in which elite discourses govern sexuality
-the governance and regulation of sexual behavior

Question 45

sexual behavior: Elite discourses and governance

Answer 45

religious groups: Christians, resistance to same-sex marriage
-Catholics still resisting it

doctors: homosexuality as a disease

educators: gay and lesbian studies introduced in the 1980s. resistance to teaching same-sex relationships and gender expression

the state: sodomy laws were repealed in 1969 (decriminalized)

Question 46

the state: social conservatism

Answer 46

recognizing that sex education needed to be updated

grade 5= gender expression
grade 6= masturbation
grade 7= sexting
grade 8= same-sex relationships

Question 47

sexual deviance: instrumental marxism versus structural Marxism

Answer 47

structural: social rules protect capitalism
- e.g. concerns of national decline (decreasing quality of the Canadian race) and concerns over individual bodies not serving the social body

concerned with things like flappers and prostitution, these distract men from their work

instrumental: societal rules protect capitalists
-e.g. seeking market access-expansion- the desire for the legalization of sexual deviance e.g. pornography
-being incentivized to make regulations, being used like a puppet

Question 48

power reflexive theories

Michel Foucault

Answer 48

socially constructed knowledge and regulation (power) concerning hetero/homosexuality impacts the experience of being gay/queer

-> heterosexuality standard

-> self-surveillance; self-discipline (e.g. panopticon)

-> Impact on how you see yourself and how you experience yourself

e.g. heterosexuality is right and all other forms are deviant, this standard makes someone hide, stigma and end up internalizing self hate

Question 49

sexual deviance today: criteria for determining deviance

Answer 49

• consent ( do you have the capacity, drunk? age?)

-nature of sexual partner

-nature of the sexual act )S and M is deviant but consenting)

-location of sexual act (e.g. plane)

-frequency of the sexual act

Question 50

Polygamy(umbrella term)

Answer 50

more than one spouse at a time (illegal)

polygyny: male has more than one wife
-wealth impacts the taking of multiple wives
-animosity may exist between wives
-second wife elevates status of first wife

Polyandry: a female has more than one husband
-usually to keep family assets (land) intact
-reduces offspring as labour source and lineage

is accepted and tolerated in some places, but laws in Canada forbid being married to more than one person at a time

fundamental norms: specific groups in BC challenged the government -> Winston Blackmore

Question 51

Incorrigible by Velma Demerson

Answer 51

woman fell in love with a Chinese man =, had a baby and the police arrested her. Interracial relationships were not accepted, a parent could call the police if they considered their children to be corrigible–> police would arrest them

the US just had laws that forbid interracial relationships

Question 52

Dominant moral codes

Answer 52

consent
-primary defining feature of ‘normal’ sexuality in Canada today
-an agreement to engage in sexual activity

deviant sex= sex without consent
-age 14 if the partner is <5 years older
-within marriage since 1983 ( at one point men were not required to get consent from their wives, the woman could not deny them this)
-Rohypnol (date rape drug)
-alcohol intoxication: No matter how severely intoxicated a woman was when sexual contact occurred, courts are unlikely to find that she lacked capacity unless she was unconscious during some or all of it

Question 53

Tearoom Trade - impersonal sex in public places

Laud Humphreys

Answer 53

why public restrooms?
-accessible
-easily recognized by initiate
-little public visibility
-stalls offered privacy

Humphrey’s went to secluded places like truck stops, secluded public restrooms, wooded areas with reduced visibility around

Laud wanted to study this so he was the “watch queen” and was able to make his observations

there was a closed stall door for acts to take places, they would break the windows so they could hear people coming

Question 54

tea room interviews

Answer 54

• quick sex
• sex when I want it
  -always find someone to perform fellatio there
  -four orgasms a day
  -a variety of men

essentially no strings attached and their sex drive could be satisfied

Question 55

ethical criticisms of the tea room study

Answer 55

-Humphreys did not obtain informed consent from the men

-Humphreys located men for follow-up by running license plate numbers (without consent )

-Humphrey presented himself as a health survey researcher to gain information about marital status (used deceit)

-put these men at great risk (risk of harm vs benefit of the research to study)
-sodomy was a crime at the time so if any acts were discovered they could have faced jail time and public humiliation
-most men studied were married so this could have made for divorce and family breakdowns

essentially, he did not get informed consent, used deceit and broke too many ethical codes and violated them