You are what you eat I/II

Question 1

What is Nutrition?

What are the stages involved in nutrition?

What are Nutrients?

What is Diet?

Answer 1

• Concerned with understanding the effects of food on the human body in health and disease
• Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Assimilation, Excretion
• Components of food
• Sum of food consumed by a person

Question 2

What are the 2 types of nutrients?

Answer 2

Macronutrients:
• Fat
• Carbs
• Proteins
• Alcohol

Micronutrients:
• Vitamins
o Water-soluble (B and C)
o Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)
• Trace minerals

Question 3

Outline Iron deficiency

Answer 3

Iron stored as Ferritin and plasma [ferritin] is correlated to the size of the total body iron stores. Low plasma [ferritin] = depleted iron stores.

*Ferritin concentrations increase during inflammation.

Question 4

What is the total energy expenditure?

Answer 4

• Basic metabolic rate + diet induced thermogenesis + activity +/- physiology stress (inflammation/illness/surgery)

Question 5

What affects nutrient requirements?

What’s the importance of nutrients?

Answer 5

• Age, activity, gender, body size, state of health, pregnant, growth (child)
• • Maintain health
  • Reduce risk of diet-related diseases

Question 6

What are the consequences of:

1. Protein malnutrition
2. Vitamin A deficiency
3. Vitamin D/Calcium deficiency

Answer 6

1. Marasmus or Kwashiorkor
2. Xerophthalmia
3. Rickets

Question 7

Why do we develop nutrition deficiencies?

What can occur with excess of deficient amounts of Vitamin A?

Answer 7

• • Inadequate intake - reduced appetite, poor food availability
  • Reduced absorption - coeliac disease
  • Increased losses - vomiting, diarrhoea
  • Increased demand - growth, pregnancy
• • In excess, will cause toxicity
  • In deficiency, depleted liver stores, low blood levels, increased risk of infection, Xeropthalmia

Question 8

What is Malnutrition?

What is overnutrition? What does it lead to?

What are some of the consequences of obesity?

What is used to classify obesity?

Answer 8

• Nutritional imbalance - both under-nutrition and over-nutrition
• Excess nutrient and energy intake over time - leads to obesity
• Stroke, T2 diabetes, Heart disease
• BMI

Question 9

What is undernutrition?

What can cause undernutrition?

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

Answer 9

• Malnutrition where there’s deficiency of nutrients - e.g. energy, protein, vitamins, minerals
• • Starvation - inadequate intake
  • Disease - malabsorption, increased requirements

- • Immune system - less able to fight infection
• Impaired wound healing
• Loss of muscle mass
• Kidneys - overhydration/dehydration
• Reduces fertility
• Brain - depression
• Hypothermia
• Micronutrient deficiencies - anaemia, rickets’, scurvy

Question 10

What are the metabolic responses to starvation?

What are the metabolic responses to injury?

Answer 10

• Metabolic rate will fall, there’ll be a decrease in mass of metabolically active tissue, maintains protein loss and supply of glucose.
• 3 stages:
  • Ebb phase - shock, energy reserves mobilise, drop in metabolic rate and body temperature
  • Flow phase - breakdown of energy stores to increase metabolic rate and body temperature. There’ll also be acute insulin resistance.
  • Anabolic (recovery) phase - building up of energy stores