Energy I/II

Question 1

Catabolism

Anabolism

Answer 1

• Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units

- Synthesis of large molecules from smaller units

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

• 1x Glucose broken into 2x Pyruvate

1. Glucose→G6P→Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate (C6) - uses 2 ATP molecules, Hexokinase and Phosphate-fructokinase (PFK)
2. F1,6B is split into two C3 molecules. C3→Pyruvate (C3) - uses 2 ADP, 1 NAD+, and Pyruvate kinase

Question 3

Net gain from 1 glucose?

Answer 3

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 4

Regulation of enzymes involved in glycolysis

Answer 4

Hexokinase - Inhibited by G6P
PFK - Inhibited by ATP, Citrate, H+. Stimulated by AMP
Pyruvate kinase - Inhibited by ATP

Question 5

TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic/Citric acid)

Answer 5

Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

1. Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA - makes NADH, CO2, and uses Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PD)
2. Acetyl CoA converts Oxaloacetate (OAA)→Citrate (C6)
3. Citrate→5C→4C - makes 2 NADH and 2 CO2
4. 4C→OAA - makes GTP, FADH, and NADH

Question 6

Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Answer 6

Inhibited by NADH, Acetyl CoA and ATP
Stimulated by ADP and Pyruvate

In muscle, PD phosphatase activates PD, and is stimulated by Ca2+

Question 7

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

Occurs on inner mitochondrial membrane

1. NADH/FADH give electrons to transport chain - electrons give off energy as it moves
2. Energy is used to pump H+ out into the inner membrane space; electrochemical gradient
3. ATP Synthase moves H+ back into matrix to make ATP
4. In matrix, 1/2O2 + 2H+ → H2O