Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > YOLO Industry and technology > Flashcards

YOLO Industry and technology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sources of iron (4)

A

Hematite (Fe2O3)
Magnetite (Fe3O4)
Siderite (FeCO3)
Goethite FeO(OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reactions to extract iron (6)

A 
2C+O2 -> 2CO
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
CO2 + C -> 2CO
Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2
Fe2O3 + 3C -> 2Fe + 3CO
CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alloy

A

A homogeneous mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and non-metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heat treatment (3)

A

Tempering involves heating the steel then cooling slowly, changing the crystal structure and increasing malleability
Annealing is heating to a high temperature and keeping it there, then cooling slowly. This increases ductility
Quenching is rapid cooling to increase the hardness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Uses of aluminium (3)

A

Aircraft
packaging
Power cables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Environmental impacts of iron/aluminium

A

Opencast mining causes irreversible damage
Production is energy-intensive
Blast furnace produces toxic gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

making aluminium (4)

A

Bauxite dissolved in hot NaOH to make NaAl(OH)4.
Impurities removed, then cooled back into Al(OH)3
Heated to form alumina
Dissolved in cryolite and electrolysed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crude oil as an energy source (2+1)

A

FOR: Good source of combustible hydrocarbons
Easy to transport and cheap
AGAINST: Produces greenhouse gases
There are alternative energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Crude oil as chemical feedstock (2+2)

A

FOR: Demand for a wide variety of products e.g plastics
Products can be recycled
AGAINST: Polymers are difficult to dispose of
When incinerated, they produce toxic gases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isotactic polypropene

A

Methyl groups have the same orientation along the polymer chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uses of isotactic polypropene (3)

A

Fibers
Car bumpers
Rope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uses of atactic polypropene (2)

A

Sealants

Roofing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Modifying addition polymers (2)

A

Plasticisers in PVC to make it more pliable

Volatile organic compounds in polystyrene to make expanded polystyrene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Advantages of addition polymers (5)

A

Strength, density, insulation, flexibility, not reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disadvantages of addition polymers (3)

A

Depletes natural resources
Not easy to dispose of
Aren’t biodegradable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reactants for bakelite

A

acid or alkali with phenol-methanal mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polyurethane

A

Diisocyanate and dihydric alcohol with a catalyst.

Monomers joined by carbamate linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kevlar

A

1,4-diaminobenzene and benzene-1,4-dicarbonychloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Modifying condensation polymers (3)

A

Adding water to polyurethane reactants to form polyurethane foam
Doping polythene with iodine to increase conductivity
Blending polyester fibres with natural fibres to make them comfortable and dyeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Homogeneous catalysts (Def+ 2 adv/disadv)

A

The catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants
Adv: all the catalyst is exposed to reactants
extreme reaction conditions unnecessary
Disadv: can be difficult to remove from products or reuse
prone to permanent deactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heterogeneous catalysts (Def+ 2 adv/disadv)

A

The catalyst is in a different phase to the reactants
Adv: Easily removed from products by filtration
one metal may catalyse multiple reactions
Disadv: Only effective on the surface
prone to poisoning (blockage of the active site)

22
Q

Factors affecting catalyst chosen (5)

A 
Selectivity
Efficiency
Ability to work under severe conditions
Environmental impact
Poisoning
23
Q

Conditions for manufacturing LDPE

A

1500 atm
200˚C
peroxide initiator

24
Q

Conditions for manufacturing HDPE

A

Low pressure 5 atm
75˚C temperature
Ziegler-Natta catalyst (titanium trichloride and triethyl aluminium)

25
Q

Hydrogen fuel cell setup (2)

A

Porous carbon electrodes (with Pt catalyst)

Electrolyte either KOH or H3PO4 with proton exchange membrane

26
Q

Alkaline hydrogen fuel cell reactions

A

anode: 2H2 +4OH -> 4H2O + 4e
cathode: 2H2O + O2 + 4e -> 4OH

27
Q

Acid hydrogen fuel cell reactions

A

anode: 2H2 -> 4H + 4e
cathode: 4H + O2 + 4e -> 4H2O

28
Q

Lead acid setup (3)

A

H2SO4 electrolyte.
Lead anode
Lead (IV) oxide cathode

29
Q

Lead acid reaction

A

anode: Pb + SO4 -> PbSO4 + 2e
cathode: PbO2 + 4H + SO4 + 2e -> PbSO4 + 2H2O

30
Q

NiCad setup (3)

A

KOH electrolyte
Cadmium anode
Nickel oxide hydroxide cathode

31
Q

NiCad reactions

A

anode: Cd + 2OH -> Cd(OH)2 +2e
cathode: 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O +2e -> 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH

32
Q

Lithium ion setup (3)

A

Lithium salt (e.g LiPF6) in organic solvent electrolyte
Anode is graphite with some Li atoms
Cathode is metal oxide e.g cobalt (IV) / manganese (IV)

33
Q

Lithium ion reactions

A

anode: LixC6 -> xLi+ + xe + 6C
cathode: CoO2 + xLi+ +xe -> LixCoO2

34
Q

Similarities between fuel cells and batteries (2)

A

Both convert chemical to electrical energy

All generate current based on separating reduction and oxidation reactions to get flow of electrons

35
Q

Differences between fuel cells and batteries (3)

A

Fuel cells require an external source of chemical energy whereas batteries store chemical energy.
Fuel cells cannot be recharged as they do not use reversible reactions
Fuel cells are more expensive

36
Q

Liquid crystals (def + 4eg)

A

Fluids that have physical properties (electrical, optical, elasticity) that are dependent on molecular orientation relative to some fixed axis in the material. e.g graphite, cellulose, spider silk, DNA.

37
Q

Thermotropic liquid crustals (def + eg)

A

Pure substances that show liquid-crystal behaviour over a temperature range between the solid and liquid states, e.g biphenyl nitriles.

38
Q

Lyotropic liquid crystals

A

Solutions that show the liquid-crystal state at certain concentrations e.g soap and water.

39
Q

Properties needed for a substance to be used in LCDs (4)

A

Chemically stable
A liquid-crystal phase stable over a suitable temperature range
Polar in order to change orientation when an electric field is applied
Rapid switching speed.

40
Q

Nematic phase

A

Rod-shaped molecules are distributed randomly but on average point in one direction, i.e they have directional order without positional order.

41
Q

LCD functioning (3)

A

The ability of the LC molecules to transmit light depends on the orientation of the molecules.
The orientation of the polar molecules can be controlled by the application of a small voltage across a small film of the material.
The areas of the display that are light and dark can thus be controlled.

42
Q

How a pixel works (twisted nematic LC) (4)

A

Each pixel contains a liquid crystal sandwiched between two glass plates, which are scratched 90˚ to each other

Molecules form a twisted arrangement between plates due to intermolecular bonds;

Plane polarised light is rotated with the molecules so is rotated 90˚. When the polarisers are aligned with the scratches, light will pass through the pixel (bright)

Applied voltage aligns polar molecules, plane-polarised light is no longer rotated so the pixel appears dark.

43
Q

Implications of nanotechnology (5)

A 
Possible applications
Health concerns, as human immune system defenceless
Toxicity regulations are difficult
Political issues e.g education
Responsibilities of the industries
44
Q

Nanotechnology

A

The research and technology development at the 1nm to 100 nm range. Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their small size. Nanotechnology builds on the ability to control or manipulate at the atomic scale.

45
Q

Physical nanotechnology techniques

A

Allow atoms to be manipulated and positioned to specific requirements

46
Q

Chemical nanotechnology techniques

A

Atoms in molecules are positioned using chemical reactions.

47
Q

Uses of chlorine (3)

A

Manufacture of bleaches
Manufacture of plastics
Water treatment

48
Q

uses of NaOH (4)

A

Feedstock for chemical industry
Soap manufacturing
Refining alumina
Paper manufacturing

49
Q

Uses of hydrogen (2)

A

Manufacture of ammonia

Hydrogenation of oils

50
Q

Environmental considerations of the chlor-alkali industry

A

Mercury may leak from the mercury cell
Asbestos in the diaphragm cell is toxic
The use of CFCs can lead to ozone depletion.

51
Q

Membrane cell construction (anode + cathode + membrane)

A

titanium anode
steel cathode
fluorinated polymer membrane

52
Q

Advantages of membrane cell (4)

A

Cheaper to construct
Cheaper to operate
NaOH more pure
does not use toxic materials

Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions