Drugs and medicine

Question 1

Effects of excess caffeine consumption (3)

Answer 1

Insomnia
Anxiety
Diuretic effects (increase in urine output)

Question 2

Sympathomimetic drug

Answer 2

Mimics the effects of adrenaline

Question 3

Alginates

Answer 3

Provides a neutralising layer on top of stomach juices to prevent acid reflux (which causes heartburn)

Question 4

Dimethicone

Answer 4

Anti-foaming agent, which prevents bloatedness and flatulence.

Question 5

Differences between viruses and bacteria (3)

Answer 5

Viruses have no cell wall
Viruses have no cytoplasm
Viruses are much smaller

Question 6

How antivirals work (2)

Answer 6

Prevent viruses from leaving cells after reproduction

Stops virus replication by altering genetic material in the host cell.

Question 7

Difficulties with the HIV problem (4)

Answer 7

HIV mutates rapidly
HIV metabolism linked to that of the host cell
AIDS drugs expensive
Sociocultural issues like lack of education

Question 8

Combinatorial chemistry (4)

Answer 8

Automated process reacts a small number of components with a variety of reagents.
The process uses the mix and split technique, and the compounds are attached to resin beads (solid phase chemistry).
Produces a combinatorial library of different but related compounds.
Compounds are then tested for biological effectiveness.

Question 9

Parallel synthesis (2)

Answer 9

Produces smaller, more focused library.

Can be scaled up to production levels

Question 10

Short term effects of THC (3)

Answer 10

Loss of sense of time
Mild hallucinogen
Synergistic effect with depressants

Question 11

Long term effects of THC (3)

Answer 11

Apathy
Lethargy
Loss of fertility

Question 12

Arguments for weed (3)

Answer 12

Medical use in pain relief for cancer
Personal freedom
Frees police to deal with more serious crimes

Question 13

Arguments against weed (3)

Answer 13

Harmful effects e.g lung cancer
Users may move onto more damaging drugs
Reduces the ability to drive safely

Question 14

Definition of a medicine/drug (3)

Answer 14

Any chemical that alters:
The physiological state, including consciousness, activity level or coordination.
Incoming sensory sensations
Alters mood or emotion

Question 15

The placebo effect

Answer 15

the therapeutic effect of an inert substance on the body – the body is fooled into healing itself naturally

Question 16

Side effects

Answer 16

wanted physiological effects of a drug or medicine

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

When an increased dose of the drug is required to achieve the same effect– dosage may exceed safe amounts

Question 18

Methods of administering drugs (4)

Answer 18

Oral
Inhalation
Rectal
Parenteral

Question 19

Types of injection (3)

Answer 19

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous

Question 20

Mild analgesic

Answer 20

Function by intercepting the pain stimulus at the source, by interfering with the production of substances (e.g prostaglandins) that cause pain.

Question 21

Strong analgesics

Answer 21

Temporarily bonding to receptor sites in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain impulses without depressing the central nervous system.

Question 22

Advantages of aspirin (2)

Answer 22

Reduces fever and inflammation.

Prevents recurrence of heart attacks and strokes

Question 23

Disadvantages of Aspirin (3)

Answer 23

Stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding
Reye’s syndrome
Allergic reaction

Question 24

Paracetamol advantages (2)

Answer 24

Does not have the disadvantages of aspirin

Safe in correct dose

Question 25

Paracetamol disadvantage (2)

Answer 25

Blood disorders and kidney damage | Overdose can lead to liver/brain damage.

Question 26

Short term effects of opiates (4)

Answer 26

Feeling of euphoria and pain relief Depresses the nervous system Cough reflect inhibited Nausea and vomiting

Question 27

Long term effects of opiates (4)

Answer 27

Constipation Increase or decrease in weight Loss of libido Social problems (e.g theft/prostitution)

Question 28

Depressants (4) + examples (3)

Answer 28

``` At low doses, little or no effect. At moderate doses, sedation. At higher doses, sleep. At extreme doses, death. e.g Valium, Megaton, Prozac ```

Question 29

Social and physiological effects of ethanol abuse (4)

Answer 29

Increased aggressiveness and hostility when intoxicated Long term deterioration of relationships Decrease in general performance Road accidents

Question 30

Synergistic effect of ethanol (2)

Answer 30

Increased risk of stomach bleeding with aspirin | Depresses the CNS so increases risk of heavy sedation.

Question 31

Short term effects of ethanol (4)

Answer 31

Feeling of relaxation and confidence Feeling of warmth due to vasodilation Judgment and concentration impaired Vomiting and loss of consciousness

Question 32

Long term effects of ethanol (3)

Answer 32

Liver cirrhosis and liver cancer Increased risk of coronary heart disease Foetal abnormalities for pregnant women

Question 33

Stimulants (4)

Answer 33

Increase the heart rate and blood pressure Increase the activity of the CNS Increase glucose levels in the blood Increased alertness

Question 34

Short term effects of nicotine (3)

Answer 34

Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Reduction in urine output

Question 35

Long term effects of nicotine (3)

Answer 35

Risk of coronary thrombosis Risk of heart disease Risks from smoking tobacco e.g lung cancer

Question 36

Chiral auxiliary

Answer 36

A chiral compound which we can use to make a reaction follow a certain path. We can then remove and recycle the auxiliary to leave behind the desired enantiomer.

Question 37

Effects of LSD (3)

Answer 37

Extreme hallucinations Permanent effect of 'flashbacks' Decreased judgment

Question 38

Effects of psilocybin (4)

Answer 38

Mildly hallucinogenic Feelings of exhilaration/insight Reduction in appetite Insomnia

Question 39

Effects of mescaline (4)

Answer 39

Hallucinations Reduction in appetite Insomnia Liver damage

Question 40

Therapeutic window

Answer 40

Range of dosages, able to treat the disease successfully, that stay within the safety limit