YMAY Chapter 10 - 13

Question 1

Endogamy

Answer 1

Marriage to someone within one’s social group

Question 2

exogamy

Answer 2

Marriage to someone outside one’s social group

Question 3

Monogamy

Answer 3

The practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Laws prescribe this as the norm though with rates of divorce & remarriage considered, 1 can engage in “serial monogamy”

Question 4

Polygamy

Answer 4

The practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time

Question 5

Polyandry

Answer 5

The practice of having multiple husband’s simultaneously

Question 6

Polygyny

Answer 6

The practice of having multiple wives simultaneously

Question 7

Nuclear Family

Answer 7

Familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their children

Question 8

Extended Family

Answer 8

Kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

Question 9

Cohabitation

Answer 9

Living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
Increased from 550,000 (1970) to 7 million today
Almost half of all women 15-44 cohabit
The less educated, the more frequent
20% will experience pregnancy within 1st year (constitutes almost 25% of all births annually in U.S.)
Domestic violence rates greater than among married couples

Question 10

Kinship Networks

Answer 10

Strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage)

Question 11

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 11

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing

Question 12

Second Shift

Answer 12

Arlie Hochschild’s term for the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job

Question 13

Preindustrial Family

Answer 13

Everyone worked to produce the food, clothes, and other items the family needed to survive, and this work took place in or right around the home

Question 14

The Industrial Revolution

Answer 14

Created a division between work and home, with men being associated with the public world of wage-earning work and women relegated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid

Question 15

The traditional nuclear family

Answer 15

Not a timeless and universal concept, but one that developed in response to conditions in a specific time and place—the post-World War II economic boom in the United States

Question 16

W. E. B. DuBois

Answer 16

Argued that the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community was a result of racial oppression and poverty, not a cause of it

Question 17

William Julius Wilson

Answer 17

Has shown that there is an outright shortage of employed, un-incarcerated black men with whom black women could hope to form a stable family unit, thus leaving them with little choice in terms of taking responsibility for their families

Question 18

African American communities

Answer 18

Tend to have expanded notions of kinship, which is perhaps rooted in the slave experience, in which biological families were often separated and people formed family bonds with non-blood relatives

Question 19

Family

Answer 19

Social institution that unites individuals into cooperative groups that oversee the bearing& raising of children

Question 20

Marriage

Answer 20

A legally sanctioned relationship designed for economic cooperation & childbearing
1950: mean age for men: 22; women: 20
2014: mean age for men: 28; women: 26
Infidelity: 25% men & 20% women

Question 21

Pre-Industrial Societies

Answer 21

Extended Family were the norm. Also known as “family of orientation.” Emphasized arranged marriages that were endogamous or exogamous
Couples lived w/ husband’s family (Patrilocality) or the wife’s (Matrilocality)
In Agrarian societies, Patrilineal decent (tracing kinship through the male’s family) was the norm
In Horticultural societies there was some evidence of Matrilineal descent

Question 22

Industrial Societies

Answer 22

Nuclear family was the norm. The “family of procreation”. People left their extended families to seek work in Industrial urban centers

Question 23

Neolocality

Answer 23

Couples that live away from both sets of parents
Couples reporting highest levels of marital satisfaction
Most practice bilateral descent (importance of both blood lines)

Question 24

Structural Functionalists

Answer 24

Family is the “backbone of society” & provides 4 key functions:

1. Socialization most important agent (learn norms)
2. Regulation of Sexual Activity: The Incent Taboo
3. Social Placement: Ascribed Status
4. Material & Emotional Security

Question 25

Social Conflict

Answer 25

The family unit perpetuates inequality from 1 generation the next by stressing…:

1. Property & Inheritance: reproduces class structure in each succeeding generation
2. Patriarchy: families transform women into sexul & economic property of men
3. Race & Ethnicity: emphasis on endogamy shores up the racial & ethnic hierarchy

Question 26

Symbolic Interactionist

Answer 26

Individual construct family life. Families aren’t a rigid conception, but an ongoing process
Social Exchange: dating & marriage are forms of negotiation. Individuals shop in the marriage market, & dating sharpens the skills needed to make the best deal possible. Terms of the exchange are in fact converging: men have to concentrate more on how they look; women have to concentrate on career & what they can bring to the table financially

Question 27

Stages of Family Life

Answer 27

1. Dating
2. Marriage
3. Child Rearing
4. Family in Later Life

Question 28

Dating

Answer 28

Sating sharpens courtship skills & today serves as a period of sexual experimentation. The basis for marriage rests ultimately on “romantic lae,” an emotion, feelings of affection & sexual passion towards another person
“Falling in love” & marriage are strongly guided by social forces

Question 29

Child Rearing

Answer 29

In pre-Industrial societies, children were “economic assets,” needed to perform necessary labor. In 1900, 1/3 of children died by age 10
In Industrial societies children became “economic liabilities.” Median # of children in 2014: .99. The ideal # of children remains between 2 & 3. Half of women aged 15-44 don’t have kids

Question 30

Abortion

Answer 30

Pro-life: 58% vs. Pro-choice: 42%
Males favor pro-choice. Less education favor abortion restrictions. Persons in their 40s tend to be more pro-choice, those in their 60s more pro-life

Question 31

Reproductive Technologies

Answer 31

To facilitate pregnancy (artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood & vitro fertilization)
Only the wealthy can take advantage of these methods ($100,000 for vitro)
Buy sperm & eggs to generate “super children?”

Question 32

Child Care

Answer 32

2/3 of both husband & wives with children work. 1/3 children remain home, 1/3 spend time in some other home, 1/3 go to an organized child-care facility

Question 33

Family in Later Life

Answer 33

“Empty nest” myth: parents don’t divorce once the children leave home; statistics show higher levels of martial satisfaction

Question 34

Class, Race, & Gender

Answer 34

Rubin found differences in what wives expected from husbands to be class-based
(Lower class women: "doesn't drink excessively, non-violent, steady job"; middle class women: "ability to communicate & share feelings, 'soul mate,' successful")

Question 35

Jesse Bernard

Answer 35

“His and Her Marriage”
Rates of depression are higher among married vs. single women
Rates of depression are higher among single vs. married men
Women still believe their identities are tied to the men they marry

Question 36

Divorce

Answer 36

`Divorce is half the marriage rate, NOT that half of all marriages end in divorce
More common among young spouses who marry after brief courtships, few financial resources, & yet to mature emotionally; less religious people; those who’ve divorced previously
The Great Recession made divorce rates decrease (but domestic violence increased)

Question 37

One Parent Families

Answer 37

27% of families with children under 18 (85% of which are females)
40% of live births were to unmarried women
Children usually start out poorer, get less schooling & end up with lower incomes , & end up as single parents themselves

Question 38

Gay & Lesbian Couples`

Answer 38

Resistance to same-sex marriage has largely faded. 56% now support same-sex marriage. Can now legally get married…but also divorced

Question 39

Singlehood

Answer 39

Starting in 2008, more Americans over 15 years were single than married for the first time in a century. A growing segment of middle age people are finding themselves childless

Question 40

Domestic Violence

Answer 40

600,000 acts every year
Much like rape myths, “she probably deserved it,” the objectification of women perpetuate the problem
*On Campus: 1/5 of intimate relationships involve violence. 20-30% of college women have reported a completed or attempted rape (40% of men say they “would likely attempt rape if they knew they would never be caught”

Question 41

Child Abuse

Answer 41

More than 3 million reports annually, of which 800,000 are confirmed victims of abuse & neglect
Economic inequality, patriarchy (girls more susceptible), & cultural myths (“kids deserve a good, hard spank”)

Question 42

The most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does the interview with sociologist Andrew Cherlin help explain this seemingly contradictory finding?

Answer 42

The states with high divorce rates are relatively poor, and a sizable number of their citizens struggle to find jobs with decent wages. Andrew Cherlin explains that personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages. Couples who cannot provide themselves a middle-class lifestyle may begin to question the utility of their marriage

Question 43

How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls?

Answer 43

Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work. For example, Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein found that mothers on welfare could cover about three-fifths of their expenses. In low-wage jobs, they faced a larger gap between earnings and expenses, in part to cover the costs of transportation, child-care arrangements, increased rent, and fewer food stamps

Question 44

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

Answer 44

As a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities
Social scientists like Daniel Patrick Moynihan argued that matriarchy in black families undercuts the role of the father and leads to many problems. Moynihan also portrayed the matriarch as a stereotypically bad mother who is bossy and not feminine

Question 45

In the last few decades, women have joined the workforce in greater numbers and their earning power has increased. What has happened to the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women?

Answer 45

Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners.

Question 46

Civil Union

Answer 46

A legally recognized union that offers similar state-provided legal rights and benefits provided by marriage.

Question 47

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women, especially among middle-class families?

Answer 47

The public and private realms split into two, especially for middle-class white families. Men left household production for wage work in factories, while women were in charge of raising children and running the household