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psychology > years of the studies > Flashcards

years of the studies Flashcards

1
Q

Buss

A

1989

Bio approach to form of humrel ->

Desired characteristics for a future partner (men = young, women = ambition and wealth)

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2
Q

Singh

A

1993

Bio approach to form of humrel ->

Smaller WHR (0.7) preferred

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3
Q

Wedekind

A

1995

Biological approach to form of humrel AND Hormones, pheromones and behaviour - pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->

Dissimilar MHC preferred due to nicer smell: more varied immune system - survival benefits

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4
Q

Aronson and Linder

A

1965

Cognitive approach to form of humrel ->

A change in negative attitude to positive toward a person leads to them being liked more

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5
Q

Byrne and Nelson

A

1965

Cognitive approach to form of humrel ->

The higher the % of shared attitudes, liked more

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6
Q

Walster et al

A

1973

Cog approch to humrel ->

SHTG&raquo_space;»

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7
Q

Kenrick and Gutierres

A

1980

Socio app to form of humrel ->

After seeing attractive people as comparisons, people are rated as less attractive

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8
Q

Zajonc

A

1968

Sociocultural (cognitive) to form of humrel ->

Stimulus frequency (faces): faces seen more often are seen as more attractive

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9
Q

Rogers

A

1957

Role of communication in personal relationships ->

Three conditions for growth: unconditional positive regard, openness, empathy

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10
Q

Collins and Miller

A

1994

Role of communication in personal relationships ->

Self-disclosure and liking

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11
Q

Duck

A

1992

Why relationships change or end ->

Divorced parents - divorce in the future

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12
Q

Bowlby

A

1953

Why relationships change or end ->

Maternal deprivation hypothesis: issues during the critical period causes future relationship issues

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13
Q

Hazan and Shaver

A

1987

Why relationships change or end ->

Attachment styles in childhood, supports attachment theory

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14
Q

Ji et al

A

2000

Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->

Noticing private/public behaviours

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15
Q

Chua et al

A

2005

Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->

Noticing background/foreground

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16
Q

Wang and Brockmeier

A

2002

Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->

Collectivist societies focus on one’s place in the community and speak about stories to reflect this, individualist focuses on the individual and speak about stories to reflect this.

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17
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin

A

1968

Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->

SM: info lasts <1 second no attention to info leads to displacement and decay, attention transfers to STM
STM: stores 5-9 pieces of info which last for around 30 seconds. Can be maintained with maintenance rehearsal, can move into LTM after enough rehearsal,
LTM: unlimited storage, unlimited duration - doesn’t explain how displacement, decay, or interference works.

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18
Q

Glanzer and Cunitz

A

1966

Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->

Serial position curve: supports MSM as immediate recall was better than recall after 30 seconds - presence of STM supported. LTM supported too as primacy effect remained the same

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19
Q

Wood and Cowan

A

1995

Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->

Attention is necessary for memory. Supports MSM which suggests that attention needs to be paid to SM for info to be retained.

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20
Q

Loftus and Palmer

A

1974

Reliability of cog processes - reconstructive memory ->

Car crash - word used can affect recall (more violent leads to a more violent memory)

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21
Q

Palmer

A

1975

Cognitive processes - schema theory - schemas on perception ->

Context images flashed caused a schema to form in ppts - leads to either better or worse identification of an object in an image.

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22
Q

Bergman and Roediger

A

1999

Reliability of cog processes - reconstructive memory ->

War of the ghosts, memory of a story becomes worse over time but recall is better if it is recalled before

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23
Q

Bransford and Johnson

A

1972

Cog processes - schema theory - schemas on memory ->

Context activates a schema and helps recall

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24
Q

Hitch and Baddeley

A

1976

Cog processes - models of memory - WMM ->

Two tasks at the same time can be done unless using same part of WM

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25
Q

Jacowitz and Kahneman

A

1995

Reliability of cog processing - biases ->

Anchoring bias - ppts given a bias are affected by that bias

26
Q

Hamilton and Gifford

A

1976

Reliability of cog processing - biases AND The individual and the group - stereotypes ->

Illusory correlation (minority roups doing bad things will be noticed more)

27
Q

Brown and Kulik

A

1977

Reliability of cognitive processes - emotion on cognition - FBMs ->

Formation of FBMs requires Personal significance, unexpected

28
Q

Sharot et al

A

2007

Reliability of cognitive processes - emotion on cognition - FBMs AND Techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: fMRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain ->

Those closer to 9/11, better recall - amygdala was more activated

29
Q

Talarico and Rubin

A

2003

bad ignore

30
Q

Tajfel

A

1971

The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours -> paintings go brrrr - people who agree with their painting choice were given more points than those who did not.

31
Q

Cialdini

A

1976

The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours -> football jumpers when a team won/lost, if team won, more worn, if team lost, no

32
Q

Nass, Fogg and Moon

A

1996

The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours ->

conformation occurs more when an individual feels more like a team affiliation.

33
Q

De Dreu (prisoner’s dilemma)

A

2010

necessary ?

34
Q

De Dreu

A

2011

Hormones and behaviour - oxytocin and its role in trust ->

Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures people’s unconscious biases towards different groups - those with oxytocin had a higher in-group preference

35
Q

Sherif

A

1954-1961

Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->

RCT - Conflict is caused as two groups compete over limited resources, conflict is resolved through cooperation

36
Q

Rogers and Kesner

A

2003

The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory AND Localisation ->

Rats given either physostigmine, saline, or scopolamine. Rats go through a maze and tested to see how many wrong turns they take over time. Scopolamine - encoded worse, consolidated worse
Physostigmine - encoded better, consolidated better

37
Q

Gais and Born

A

2004

The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory ->

Consolidation of word list during sleep - physostigmine is an agonist for Ach which blocks consolidation. Giving ppts physostigmine then sleep causes consolidation to worsen.
Focuses on consolidation–

38
Q

Allport

A

1954

Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->

Intergroup contact hypothesis - people need: equal status, common goals, cooperation, and support from authority

39
Q

Pettigrew

A

1998

Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->

Criticises Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis: has the generalisation of effects problem, Independent variable specification problem, and the Unspecified processes of change problem

Proposes the intergroup conflict theory - Decategorisation, Salient categorisation, Recategorisation:

40
Q

Rosenzweig, Bennet and Diamond

A

1972

The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory AND Neuroplasticity - structural changes in the brain in response to the environment->

Rat party, rats who are isolated have smaller brains than those who are with other rats, more Ach present in “party” condition.

41
Q

Ince

A

2014

Cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours - acculturation ->

Berry’s acculturation - acculturation strategy and its effect on depression.
Acculturation was significantly associated with depression.
Ppts with depression were mostly separated (one of Berry’s strategies) while integration (another strategy) had the lowest number of depressed ppts.
Younger, well-educated, employed immigrants with a romantic partner were most likely to be integrated into Dutch society.
Non-participatory acculturation strategies (separation and marginalisation) showed higher prevalence for depression.

42
Q

Nap

A

2015

Cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours - acculturation ->

Berry’s acculturation - acculturation strategy and its effect on depression.
Surinamese immigrants (those from a former Dutch colony) had most relevant skills (e.g. competence in language; understanding how Dutch society worked and how to access what they needed) and maintained fewest traditions compared with other immigrants, while reporting most social integration and least sense of loss of their former culture.
Turkish immigrants had the fewest relevant skills and highest preservation of traditions, while reporting least social integration and the greatest sense of loss.
Depression was separately but significantly (p<0.0025) associated with lack of skills, poor social integration and a sense of loss of heritage culture.
Turkish > Moroccan > Surinamese for diagnoses of depression.
Level of participation in Dutch society was significantly (negatively) associated with symptom level (p<0.01) and (positively) with quality of life (p<0.001) six months after treatment began.

(TL;DR better acculturation strategy -> lower risk of depression)

43
Q

Caspi

A

2003

Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->

Depression - S allele of 5-HTT gene increases the risk of depression, trauma in early childhood also causes increased risk of depression.

44
Q

Kobiella

A

2011

Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->

ask sir tbh

45
Q

Kendler

A

2006

Genetic similarity - twin study of depression ->

Depression - If twins are identical twins they are more likely to both suffer from depression than dizygotic twins

46
Q

Beck

A

1967

Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->

Theory based on trends in cognitive distortion between patients with depression (Beck was a therapist). Once these distortions were treated in therapy, depression would be also treated. Proposed a cognitive triad of depression (they area ll linked and affect one another): negative thoughts about themselves, negative thoughts about the future, negative views about the world. Proposed cognitive vulnerability and reactivity. People who had early trauma had an increased likelihood of depression but not all people react this way- there must be a biological factor.

47
Q

Henkel

A

2014

Cog processing in the digital world ->

Pictures - taking general pictures leads to a worse memory of specific things of that object than a zoomed-in picture - however, the recall of the location of that object in its museum was improved.

48
Q

Falconer

A

2016

Cog processing in the digital world ->

VR task - those who did a VR task for compassion to children and then received compassion towards them as a child. Self compassion increased and self criticism decreased. Depression scores also improved.

49
Q

Mueller and Oppenheimer

A

2014

Cog processing in digital world ->

Laptops - conceptual tasks and reviewing notes were performed better by longhand writers. Laptop note-takers produced significantly more notes with significantly more verbatim content than longhand note-takers.

Proposed the encoding hypothesis (processing during note-taking improves learning and retention) and the external-storage hypothesis (having material to review is beneficial).

50
Q

Bandura

A

SCT theory

The individual and the group - social cognitive theory - observational learning and the cognitions that mediate between seeing and imitating others’ behaviour ->

Triadic reciprocal determinism (three different things that all affect each other): individual - environment - behaviour.

Proposes that some behaviours are modelled by other members of a group and acquired through observation or imitation. There are four aspects of behaviour acquisition that are important:
Attention
Retention
Reproducibility
Motivation
51
Q

Bandura, Ross, and Ross

A

1961

The individual and the group - social cognitive theory - observational learning and the cognitions that mediate between seeing and imitating others’ behaviour ->

Kids copy adults’ behaviours - when given an adult model behaving aggressively to a bobo doll, children are more likely to imitate those behaviours and be more aggressive in general

52
Q

Rasch, Gais and Born

A

2006

The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory ->

Gave scopolamine (ACh antagonist) to ppts and found that encoding for declarative memory (facts and events) during the day was decreased, but long-term memory and procedural memory was not affected: ACh has a role in encoding declarative memory

Focuses on encoding

53
Q

Berry

A

Model

High maintenance of heritage culture with high cultural adaptation -> Integration
High maintenance of heritage culture with low cultural adaptation -> Separation
Low maintenance of heritage culture with high cultural adaptation -> Assimilation
Low maintenance of heritage culture with low cultural adaptation -> Marginalisation

54
Q

Baddeley and Hitch

A

WMM

Cognitive processes - models of memory - WMM ->

Contains 4 parts -> VSS, PL, CE, EB

Central executive -> attentional control system
Visuospatial sketchpad -> visual and spatial info
Phonological loop -> articulatory control system (verbal rehearsal system) and phonological store (speech-based)
Episodic buffer -> communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

55
Q

Tajfel & Turner

A

1979

The individual and the group - SIT - In-group and out-group behaviours AND The individual and the group - stereotypes AND Group dynamic - Co-operation and competition/Prejudice & discrimination/ Origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->

Three processes in SIT -> Social categorisation -> Social identification -> Social comparison

Key parts of SIT:
Self-esteem: we want to feel good about ourselves. Therefore, we will try to belong to groups that make us feel better about ourselves,
Positive distinctiveness/in-group favouritism: we want our social groups to come out on top of any other groups that we compare ours to. We want to be different and better.
Out-group homogeneity: it’s easier to engage in social identity processes if we assume that all members of any given out-group are very similar to each other.

56
Q

Doucet

A

2009

Pheromones and behaviour - Babies’ response to areolar secretions ->

The babies responded more quickly and more strongly to the areolar gland secretion (AG odour) than to any other substance. They continued with the behavioural responses longer for AG odour than for any substance other than sebum or cow’s milk.

57
Q

Butenandt

A

1959

Pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->

Pheromone for attracting silk moths - Bombykol

58
Q

Kirk-smith & Booth

A

1980

Pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->

Woman more likely to sit next to seats sprayed with Boarmate (Boar pheromone found in men’s sweat), men less likely to sit next to it.

59
Q

Draganski

A

2004

The brain and behaviour: techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: fMRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain AND Neuroplasticity - Structural changes in the brain in response to the environment ->

Ppts learned to juggle for 3 months. juggler group demonstrated a significant transient bilateral expansion in grey matter in the mid-temporal area and in the left posterior intraparietal sulcus between the first and the second scans. This expansion decreased in the third scan.

Neural pruning -> neurons used less become weaker and smaller as they are not needed as much as others
Neural strengthening -> neurones used more becomes stronger and bigger as they are needed more so their connections are quicker and more efficient.

60
Q

Maguire

A

2001

The brain and behaviour: techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: MRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain AND Neuroplasticity - Structural changes in the brain in response to the environment ->

MRI scan used to detect differences between brains of taxi drivers and normal people. The taxi drivers’ (TDs’) anterior hippocampi on both sides were significantly smaller than the controls’ (there was a negative correlation between time as a taxi driver and the size of the anterior hippocampi), while the TDs’ posterior hippocampi were significantly larger. Posterior hippocampi linked with spatial memory. There was a significant positive correlation between time as a taxi driver and the size of the right posterior hippocampus.

61
Q

Altman and Taylor

A

1973

Personal relationships -> role of communication ->

Social penetrative theory: 5 stages of relationships: Orientation stage - clichés and superficial detail
Exploratory affective stage – casual friendship
Affective stage – physical intimacy, arguments
Stable stage – deep sharing, predictions of other’s emotional responses
Depenetration stage - relationship breaks down

psychology (30 decks)

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