years of the studies Flashcards
Buss
1989
Bio approach to form of humrel ->
Desired characteristics for a future partner (men = young, women = ambition and wealth)
Singh
1993
Bio approach to form of humrel ->
Smaller WHR (0.7) preferred
Wedekind
1995
Biological approach to form of humrel AND Hormones, pheromones and behaviour - pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->
Dissimilar MHC preferred due to nicer smell: more varied immune system - survival benefits
Aronson and Linder
1965
Cognitive approach to form of humrel ->
A change in negative attitude to positive toward a person leads to them being liked more
Byrne and Nelson
1965
Cognitive approach to form of humrel ->
The higher the % of shared attitudes, liked more
Walster et al
1973
Cog approch to humrel ->
SHTG»_space;»
Kenrick and Gutierres
1980
Socio app to form of humrel ->
After seeing attractive people as comparisons, people are rated as less attractive
Zajonc
1968
Sociocultural (cognitive) to form of humrel ->
Stimulus frequency (faces): faces seen more often are seen as more attractive
Rogers
1957
Role of communication in personal relationships ->
Three conditions for growth: unconditional positive regard, openness, empathy
Collins and Miller
1994
Role of communication in personal relationships ->
Self-disclosure and liking
Duck
1992
Why relationships change or end ->
Divorced parents - divorce in the future
Bowlby
1953
Why relationships change or end ->
Maternal deprivation hypothesis: issues during the critical period causes future relationship issues
Hazan and Shaver
1987
Why relationships change or end ->
Attachment styles in childhood, supports attachment theory
Ji et al
2000
Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->
Noticing private/public behaviours
Chua et al
2005
Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->
Noticing background/foreground
Wang and Brockmeier
2002
Sociocultural - culture and its effect on behaviour ->
Collectivist societies focus on one’s place in the community and speak about stories to reflect this, individualist focuses on the individual and speak about stories to reflect this.
Atkinson and Shiffrin
1968
Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->
SM: info lasts <1 second no attention to info leads to displacement and decay, attention transfers to STM
STM: stores 5-9 pieces of info which last for around 30 seconds. Can be maintained with maintenance rehearsal, can move into LTM after enough rehearsal,
LTM: unlimited storage, unlimited duration - doesn’t explain how displacement, decay, or interference works.
Glanzer and Cunitz
1966
Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->
Serial position curve: supports MSM as immediate recall was better than recall after 30 seconds - presence of STM supported. LTM supported too as primacy effect remained the same
Wood and Cowan
1995
Cog processes - models of memory - MSM ->
Attention is necessary for memory. Supports MSM which suggests that attention needs to be paid to SM for info to be retained.
Loftus and Palmer
1974
Reliability of cog processes - reconstructive memory ->
Car crash - word used can affect recall (more violent leads to a more violent memory)
Palmer
1975
Cognitive processes - schema theory - schemas on perception ->
Context images flashed caused a schema to form in ppts - leads to either better or worse identification of an object in an image.
Bergman and Roediger
1999
Reliability of cog processes - reconstructive memory ->
War of the ghosts, memory of a story becomes worse over time but recall is better if it is recalled before
Bransford and Johnson
1972
Cog processes - schema theory - schemas on memory ->
Context activates a schema and helps recall
Hitch and Baddeley
1976
Cog processes - models of memory - WMM ->
Two tasks at the same time can be done unless using same part of WM
Jacowitz and Kahneman
1995
Reliability of cog processing - biases ->
Anchoring bias - ppts given a bias are affected by that bias
Hamilton and Gifford
1976
Reliability of cog processing - biases AND The individual and the group - stereotypes ->
Illusory correlation (minority roups doing bad things will be noticed more)
Brown and Kulik
1977
Reliability of cognitive processes - emotion on cognition - FBMs ->
Formation of FBMs requires Personal significance, unexpected
Sharot et al
2007
Reliability of cognitive processes - emotion on cognition - FBMs AND Techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: fMRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain ->
Those closer to 9/11, better recall - amygdala was more activated
Talarico and Rubin
2003
bad ignore
Tajfel
1971
The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours -> paintings go brrrr - people who agree with their painting choice were given more points than those who did not.
Cialdini
1976
The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours -> football jumpers when a team won/lost, if team won, more worn, if team lost, no
Nass, Fogg and Moon
1996
The individual and the group - SIT - in-group and out-group behaviours ->
conformation occurs more when an individual feels more like a team affiliation.
De Dreu (prisoner’s dilemma)
2010
necessary ?
De Dreu
2011
Hormones and behaviour - oxytocin and its role in trust ->
Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures people’s unconscious biases towards different groups - those with oxytocin had a higher in-group preference
Sherif
1954-1961
Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->
RCT - Conflict is caused as two groups compete over limited resources, conflict is resolved through cooperation
Rogers and Kesner
2003
The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory AND Localisation ->
Rats given either physostigmine, saline, or scopolamine. Rats go through a maze and tested to see how many wrong turns they take over time. Scopolamine - encoded worse, consolidated worse
Physostigmine - encoded better, consolidated better
Gais and Born
2004
The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory ->
Consolidation of word list during sleep - physostigmine is an agonist for Ach which blocks consolidation. Giving ppts physostigmine then sleep causes consolidation to worsen.
Focuses on consolidation–
Allport
1954
Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->
Intergroup contact hypothesis - people need: equal status, common goals, cooperation, and support from authority
Pettigrew
1998
Group dynamics - origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->
Criticises Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis: has the generalisation of effects problem, Independent variable specification problem, and the Unspecified processes of change problem
Proposes the intergroup conflict theory - Decategorisation, Salient categorisation, Recategorisation:
Rosenzweig, Bennet and Diamond
1972
The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory AND Neuroplasticity - structural changes in the brain in response to the environment->
Rat party, rats who are isolated have smaller brains than those who are with other rats, more Ach present in “party” condition.
Ince
2014
Cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours - acculturation ->
Berry’s acculturation - acculturation strategy and its effect on depression.
Acculturation was significantly associated with depression.
Ppts with depression were mostly separated (one of Berry’s strategies) while integration (another strategy) had the lowest number of depressed ppts.
Younger, well-educated, employed immigrants with a romantic partner were most likely to be integrated into Dutch society.
Non-participatory acculturation strategies (separation and marginalisation) showed higher prevalence for depression.
Nap
2015
Cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours - acculturation ->
Berry’s acculturation - acculturation strategy and its effect on depression.
Surinamese immigrants (those from a former Dutch colony) had most relevant skills (e.g. competence in language; understanding how Dutch society worked and how to access what they needed) and maintained fewest traditions compared with other immigrants, while reporting most social integration and least sense of loss of their former culture.
Turkish immigrants had the fewest relevant skills and highest preservation of traditions, while reporting least social integration and the greatest sense of loss.
Depression was separately but significantly (p<0.0025) associated with lack of skills, poor social integration and a sense of loss of heritage culture.
Turkish > Moroccan > Surinamese for diagnoses of depression.
Level of participation in Dutch society was significantly (negatively) associated with symptom level (p<0.01) and (positively) with quality of life (p<0.001) six months after treatment began.
(TL;DR better acculturation strategy -> lower risk of depression)
Caspi
2003
Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->
Depression - S allele of 5-HTT gene increases the risk of depression, trauma in early childhood also causes increased risk of depression.
Kobiella
2011
Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->
ask sir tbh
Kendler
2006
Genetic similarity - twin study of depression ->
Depression - If twins are identical twins they are more likely to both suffer from depression than dizygotic twins
Beck
1967
Genes and behaviour - alleles relating to serotonin transportation (reuptake) ->
Theory based on trends in cognitive distortion between patients with depression (Beck was a therapist). Once these distortions were treated in therapy, depression would be also treated. Proposed a cognitive triad of depression (they area ll linked and affect one another): negative thoughts about themselves, negative thoughts about the future, negative views about the world. Proposed cognitive vulnerability and reactivity. People who had early trauma had an increased likelihood of depression but not all people react this way- there must be a biological factor.
Henkel
2014
Cog processing in the digital world ->
Pictures - taking general pictures leads to a worse memory of specific things of that object than a zoomed-in picture - however, the recall of the location of that object in its museum was improved.
Falconer
2016
Cog processing in the digital world ->
VR task - those who did a VR task for compassion to children and then received compassion towards them as a child. Self compassion increased and self criticism decreased. Depression scores also improved.
Mueller and Oppenheimer
2014
Cog processing in digital world ->
Laptops - conceptual tasks and reviewing notes were performed better by longhand writers. Laptop note-takers produced significantly more notes with significantly more verbatim content than longhand note-takers.
Proposed the encoding hypothesis (processing during note-taking improves learning and retention) and the external-storage hypothesis (having material to review is beneficial).
Bandura
SCT theory
The individual and the group - social cognitive theory - observational learning and the cognitions that mediate between seeing and imitating others’ behaviour ->
Triadic reciprocal determinism (three different things that all affect each other): individual - environment - behaviour.
Proposes that some behaviours are modelled by other members of a group and acquired through observation or imitation. There are four aspects of behaviour acquisition that are important: Attention Retention Reproducibility Motivation
Bandura, Ross, and Ross
1961
The individual and the group - social cognitive theory - observational learning and the cognitions that mediate between seeing and imitating others’ behaviour ->
Kids copy adults’ behaviours - when given an adult model behaving aggressively to a bobo doll, children are more likely to imitate those behaviours and be more aggressive in general
Rasch, Gais and Born
2006
The brain and behaviour - neurotransmitters and their effect on behaviour - Role of Ach in memory ->
Gave scopolamine (ACh antagonist) to ppts and found that encoding for declarative memory (facts and events) during the day was decreased, but long-term memory and procedural memory was not affected: ACh has a role in encoding declarative memory
Focuses on encoding
Berry
Model
High maintenance of heritage culture with high cultural adaptation -> Integration
High maintenance of heritage culture with low cultural adaptation -> Separation
Low maintenance of heritage culture with high cultural adaptation -> Assimilation
Low maintenance of heritage culture with low cultural adaptation -> Marginalisation
Baddeley and Hitch
WMM
Cognitive processes - models of memory - WMM ->
Contains 4 parts -> VSS, PL, CE, EB
Central executive -> attentional control system
Visuospatial sketchpad -> visual and spatial info
Phonological loop -> articulatory control system (verbal rehearsal system) and phonological store (speech-based)
Episodic buffer -> communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory
Tajfel & Turner
1979
The individual and the group - SIT - In-group and out-group behaviours AND The individual and the group - stereotypes AND Group dynamic - Co-operation and competition/Prejudice & discrimination/ Origins of conflict and conflict resolution ->
Three processes in SIT -> Social categorisation -> Social identification -> Social comparison
Key parts of SIT:
Self-esteem: we want to feel good about ourselves. Therefore, we will try to belong to groups that make us feel better about ourselves,
Positive distinctiveness/in-group favouritism: we want our social groups to come out on top of any other groups that we compare ours to. We want to be different and better.
Out-group homogeneity: it’s easier to engage in social identity processes if we assume that all members of any given out-group are very similar to each other.
Doucet
2009
Pheromones and behaviour - Babies’ response to areolar secretions ->
The babies responded more quickly and more strongly to the areolar gland secretion (AG odour) than to any other substance. They continued with the behavioural responses longer for AG odour than for any substance other than sebum or cow’s milk.
Butenandt
1959
Pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->
Pheromone for attracting silk moths - Bombykol
Kirk-smith & Booth
1980
Pheromones and behaviour - effect on attraction ->
Woman more likely to sit next to seats sprayed with Boarmate (Boar pheromone found in men’s sweat), men less likely to sit next to it.
Draganski
2004
The brain and behaviour: techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: fMRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain AND Neuroplasticity - Structural changes in the brain in response to the environment ->
Ppts learned to juggle for 3 months. juggler group demonstrated a significant transient bilateral expansion in grey matter in the mid-temporal area and in the left posterior intraparietal sulcus between the first and the second scans. This expansion decreased in the third scan.
Neural pruning -> neurons used less become weaker and smaller as they are not needed as much as others
Neural strengthening -> neurones used more becomes stronger and bigger as they are needed more so their connections are quicker and more efficient.
Maguire
2001
The brain and behaviour: techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour - studies that have used brain-imaging technologies: MRI AND Localization - Studies that tie specific functions or behaviours to specific parts of the brain AND Neuroplasticity - Structural changes in the brain in response to the environment ->
MRI scan used to detect differences between brains of taxi drivers and normal people. The taxi drivers’ (TDs’) anterior hippocampi on both sides were significantly smaller than the controls’ (there was a negative correlation between time as a taxi driver and the size of the anterior hippocampi), while the TDs’ posterior hippocampi were significantly larger. Posterior hippocampi linked with spatial memory. There was a significant positive correlation between time as a taxi driver and the size of the right posterior hippocampus.
Altman and Taylor
1973
Personal relationships -> role of communication ->
Social penetrative theory: 5 stages of relationships: Orientation stage - clichés and superficial detail
Exploratory affective stage – casual friendship
Affective stage – physical intimacy, arguments
Stable stage – deep sharing, predictions of other’s emotional responses
Depenetration stage - relationship breaks down
