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Musculoskeletal > Yearclub Revision > Flashcards

Yearclub Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What antibodies are raised in anti-phospholipid syndrome?

A

ANA (unspecific)
Anti-cardiolipin
Lupus anticoagulant

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2
Q

What antibody is diagnostic in SLE?

A

Anti-dsDNA

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3
Q

What disease is associated with gritty eyes and dry mouth?

A

Sjogrens syndrome

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of limited vs diffuse systemic sclerosis?

A

Both: Raynauds phenomenon,
Limited: tight/thickened skin below elbows and knees + face
Diffuse: tight/thickened skin all over including torso

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5
Q

What antibody is positive in limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis (CREST)?

A

Limited: anti-centromere
Diffuse: anti scl-70

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6
Q

What effect does anti-phospholipid syndrome have on pregnancy?

A

Repeat miscarriages

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7
Q

How is anti-phospholipid syndrome treated?

A

Lifelong LMWH (warfarin teratogenic)

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8
Q

How is polymyalgia rheumatic managed?

A

Steroids

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9
Q

What is the difference between polymyositis and polymyalgia rheumatic presentation?

A

Both: Pain and stiffness

Polymyositis = weakness

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10
Q

What is the risk with bilateral leg symptoms and indication of bladder or bowel disturbance?

A

Cauda Equina syndrome

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11
Q

How is Cauda Equina syndrome investigated?

A

Urgent MRI + PR

MRI = determine level of disc prolapse

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12
Q

How is cauda equina syndrome managed?

A

Urgent discectomy (to relieve pressure)

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13
Q

What injury is associated with lifting something heavy and is worse on coughing? How is it managed?

A

Acute disc prolapse

Conservative management

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14
Q

Who does spinal stenosis present in?

A

Older people

Long history

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15
Q

How is an osteochondroma treated?

A

Radio + chemotherapy

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16
Q

What increases the risk of avascular necrosis?

A

Long term steroids
Excess of alcohol,
Chemotherapy,
Trauma

17
Q

What is the most common infecting organism in septic arthritis and how does it present compared to osteomyelitis?

A

Sudden onset pain (much worse than osteomyelitis)

Staph, aureus

18
Q

How is a subtrochanteric fracture managed?

A

IM nail

19
Q

How is a femoral shaft fracture managed initially then definitively?

A

Initial: Thomas splint
Definitive: Closed reduction with IM nail

20
Q

What nerve is injured in foot drop?

A

Common fibular nerve (knee dislocation)

21
Q

What nerve is injured in wrist drop?

A

Radial nerve (posterior arm muscles)

22
Q

What antibodies are indicated in GPA, EGPA and MPA and against what?

A

GPA: cANCA against PR3
EGPA: pANCA against MPO
MPA: pANCA against MPO

23
Q

What is Behçets disease and how does it present?

A

Systemic vasculitis of unknown cause

Presents with oral and genital ulcers, ocular/GI involvement

24
Q

How is Behçets disease investigated?

A

Skin pathergy test

On needle prick, papule forms within 48 hours

25
Q

What is Bergers disease and how does it present?

A 
IgA nephropathy (glomerulonephritis)
Presents with haematuria
26
Q

What is Henoch-Schönlein purpura and how does it present?

A

Small vessel vasculitis

Presents in children following an URTI with lower limb purpuric rash (+/- arthritis of knees, ankles and elbows)

27
Q

What is Ehler-Danlos syndrome and what causes it?

A

Hypermobility syndrome

Due to defect in collagen

28
Q

What is the difference between epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?

A

Epimysium: surrounds whole muscle
Perimysium: surrounds single fascicle
Endomysium: surrounds single muscle fibre

29
Q

What is the progression in units of a muscle?

A

Sarcomere < myofibril < muscle fibre < fascicles

Sarcomere = smallest functional unit

30
Q

What lines in a muscle fibre divide individual sarcomeres?

A

Z lines

31
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

A

IsoTonic: Tension remains constant (movement)
IsoMetric: length (in Metres) remains constant (postural)

32
Q

Who does SUFE vs Perthes present in?

A

SUFE: overweight boys
Perthes: hyperactive young boys

33
Q

What are Ortolani and Barlow gets used for?

A

DDH (dislocation/relocation)

34
Q

What type of arthritis involves the DIP joints?

A

Osteoarthritis

35
Q

What is the difference between a Galeazzi and Monteggia injury?

A

GRUesome MURder
GRU: galeazzi, radial fracture, ulnar dislocation
MUR: monteggia, ulnar fracture, radial dislocation

36
Q

what antibody is used for diagnosis of RA?

A

Anti-CCP

37
Q

What is the first line treatment of RA and what is used if risk of pregnancy?

A

Methotrexate (teratogenic)

Sulfasalazine (if risk of pregnancy)

Musculoskeletal (11 decks)

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