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year 9 eoy exam Flashcards

1
Q

what features do plant, animal, and fungi cells have in common?

A

they all have a cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria

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2
Q

what is the difference between protoctists and bacteria cells?

A

protoctists are: bigger, have a nucleus, have mitochondria, and are eukaryotic

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3
Q

put in order of biggest to smallest:
- tissue
- organs
- organ system
- organelles

A
  1. organ systems
  2. organs
  3. tissues
  4. cells
  5. organelles
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4
Q

what is the difference between animal and plant cells?

A

both have: nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
only plants have: cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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5
Q

what are the chemical elements present in:
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids

A

carbohydrates: CHO
proteins: CHON
lipids: CHO

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6
Q

what is the chemical test for starch?

A
  1. put a small food sample om a well on the spotting tile
  2. add equal amount of iodine solution to the food
  3. if starch is present the colour will change from orange to blue/black
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7
Q

what is the chemical test for glucose

A
  1. place a small sample (2cm^3)of the food in a test tube
  2. add 1cm^3 of benedicts solution, or enough for it to appear blue
  3. heat in a water bath of 85 degrees celcius for 5 min
  4. if mixture turns red/orange/yellow/green glucose is present
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8
Q

what is the chemical test for protein

A
  1. place a small sample in a test tube
  2. add enough biuret solution to allow the colour to be seen (pale blue)
  3. if the mixture turns mauve/purple protein is present
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9
Q

what is the chemical test for lipids?

A
  1. place a small sample in a test tube
  2. add 2cm^3 of ethanol and mix well
  3. add 2cm^3 of water and shake again
  4. if mixture turns milky lipids are present
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10
Q

what is the function of a cell wall

A

keep the shape of the cell and prevents the cell from bursting

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11
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out

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12
Q

what is the function of nucleus

A

where DNA is stored

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13
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

site of respiration

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14
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll, takes in light for photosynthesis

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15
Q

what is the function of vacuole

A

stores cell sap

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16
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions occur

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18
Q

what is the monomer of starch? (+glycogen)

A

glucose

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19
Q

what is the monomer of protein?

A

amino acids

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20
Q

what is the monomer of lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts (speed up reactions)

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22
Q

how does temperature affect enzymes? (same with pH)

A

heat -> kinetic energy -> more collisions between substrate and enzyme (more complexes made) -> rate of reaction speeds up
too much heat -> kinetic energy causes active site to change shape + collisions are too violent -> substrate cannot fit -> enzyme denatures

23
Q

what does anaerobic and aerobic mean

A

anaerobic - without oxygen
aerobic - with oxygen

24
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water (+ATP)

25
balanced chemical equation for respiration
6O(2) + C(6)H(12)O(6) --> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O
26
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
glucose -> lactic acid + carbon dioxide
27
what is the word equation anaerobic respiration in fungi?
glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
28
what is the definition of diffusion?
the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
29
how are alveoli adapted for diffusion?
thin walls -. short diffusion distance many little one -> large surface area constant flow of capillaries -> keeps the high concentration gradient
30
how are villi in the ilium adapted for diffusion?
thin walls -> short diffusion distance microvilli -> high surface area capillary network -> keeps high concentration gradient
31
describe the structure of the thorax
trachea -> bronchi (bronchus) -> bronchioles(s) -> alveoli ^ all inside the lungs + pleural cavity ^ all inside the ribs, intercoastal muscles ad diaphragm
32
what happens during inhalation?
intercoastal muscles: contract ribs: up and out diaphragm: contract volume: increase pressure: decrease
33
what happens during exhalation
intercoastal muscles: relax ribs: down and in diaphragm: relax volume: decrease pressure: increase
34
what do plants store carbohydrates as?
starch
35
what do animals and fungi store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
36
what is saprotrophic digestion
cells secrete digestive enzymes and absorb the nutrients
37
how are fungi cells organised?
like mycelium - have thread like structures called hyphae
38
3 examples of each kingdom
animals: humans, dogs, tigers plants: sunflowers, apple trees, oak trees fungi: yeast, polyporus, mucor bacteria: salmonella, E. Coli, cyanobacteria protoctist: giant kelp, plasmodium (malaria), amoeba
39
how do protoctists store carbohydrates?
starch or sucrose
40
what enzyme is in the saliva?
salivary amylase
41
what enzymes are in the stomach
pepsin (to peptides not amino acids yet)
42
what is the functions of bile
neutralise stomach acid (pH2) and emulsify fats
43
what enzymes are produced in the pancrease?
pancreatic amylase, tripsin, lipase
44
what reactions occur in the duodenum
starch -> maltose (amylase) peptides -> amino acids (tripsin) lipids -> fatty acids + glycerol
45
what reaction occurs in the ilium
maltose -> glucose (maltase)
46
what is the use of iron
oxygen transport and haemoglobin; anemia
47
what is the use of calcium
keep bones healthy, helps form blood clots, prevents osteoperosis
48
function of water
protects tissue, lubricate joints, gets rid of wastes, needed for chemicsl reactions in cells
49
function of vitamin a
keeps retina and eyes healthy, prevents night blindness
50
function of vitamin c
essential partof collagen (skin, hair, gums, bones), prevents scurvy
51
function of vitamin d
prevent rickets, helps absorb vitamin c
52
protein
repair and build tissues
53
function kf lipids
thermal and electrical insulation, protects organs

biology (10 decks)

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