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Year 8 Geography > Year 8 Term 1 - Coasts + The Making Of Britain > Flashcards

Year 8 Term 1 - Coasts + The Making Of Britain Flashcards

1
Q

Name a City in the UK with a port?

A

London

Liverpool

Sunderland

Portsmouth

Southampton

Plymouth

Dover

Kingston

Aberdeen

Edinburgh

Cardiff

Belfast

Bristol

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2
Q

What are the big ports in the UK?

A

Liverpool

Southampton

Dover

Edinburgh

Belfast

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3
Q

What are the top 5 Seaside resorts in the UK?

A
  1. Bournemouth
  2. Brighton
  3. Torquay
  4. Weymouth

5.Blackpool

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4
Q

What is the Primary sector?

A
  • Exploiting from the land
  • Agriculture
  • Fishing
  • Forestry
  • Mining
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5
Q

What is the Secondary sector?

A
  • processing manufacturing
  • construction
  • factory
  • oil refinery
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6
Q

What is the Tertiary sector

A
  • provides services to other businesses
  • shops
  • restaurants
  • transportation
  • distribution
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7
Q

What is the cause of a wave?

A

Wind dragging on the surface of the water.

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8
Q

What is a fetch?

A

The distance over which wind blows.

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9
Q

What are the uses of coasts?

A
  • Tourism seaside(water sports)

-Fishing

-Industry

-Defence

-Ports

-Dredging

-Homes

-Farming

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10
Q

Who owns the coast?

A

The State - 55%

Ministry of Defence - 3%

National Trust - 1200km

Privately owned (eg Farmers) - 20%

Local Council - balance

All land under the water in UK waters owned by the Government

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11
Q

What causes large waves?

A
  • Strong winds
  • The longer that it blows for
  • the longer the fetch
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12
Q

What is a gale?

A
  • rolling of water out at sea
  • up to 30m high
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13
Q

What is a swash?

A

Turbulent water given when waves break.

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14
Q

What is an uprush?

A

The water rushing up the sand.

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15
Q

What is a backwash?

A

Water returning to the ocean from waves washing onto a beach.

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16
Q

What is a constructive wave?

A
  • low waves
  • greater distance between the crests
  • every 8-10 minutes
  • gentle beach
  • adds sand and pebbles to the beach
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17
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A
  • higher waves
  • crests are closer together
  • every 10-14 minutes
  • steep beach
  • takes away sand and pebbles from the beach
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18
Q

Which direction does the prevailing wind come from in England?

A

The southwest

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19
Q

What is a tide?

A
  • rise and fall of the sea
  • cause by the moons pull upwards
  • sun pulls to but pull is weaker as it is further away
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20
Q

What are the types of tides?

A

high tide every 12.5 hours

low tides between hight tides

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21
Q

What is the tidal range?

A
  • Drop in sea level between high and low tides
  • Changes through year as
                   -Moon orbits Earth

               -Earth orbits Sun
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22
Q

What is the Bristol Channel?

A

Second Largest Tidal range in the World.

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23
Q

What is a Crest?

A

The highest point of a wave.

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24
Q

What is a trough?

A

The lowest point of a wave.

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25
Q

What is the wavelenght?

A

The distance from the crest to the next crest.

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26
Q

What is the wave height?

A

The vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough of the wave

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27
Q

What happens when a wave breaks

A

-waves break in shallow water

-there is more friction between between the sea

and seabed

-top of wave collapses as there is no friction on

the top

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28
Q

How to do grid references?

A

Go along the corridor, and up the stairs.

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29
Q

What is a Northing?

A

They are the horizontal lines on a map.

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30
Q

What is an Easting?

A

They are the vertical lines on a map.

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31
Q

What is a Map zone?

A

The two letter code at the bottom of the map.
E.g. SX

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32
Q

What is a four figure grid reference?

A

first 2 - how many along

second 2 - how many up

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33
Q

What is a six figure grid reference?

A

1st & 2nd - how many along

3rd - how many tenths along

4th & 5th - how many up

6th - how many tenth up

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34
Q

What does blue mean on a map?

A

Water

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35
Q

What does yellow mean on a map?

A

Sand

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36
Q

What does black dotes on a coloured background mean on a map?

A

Shingle

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37
Q

What does the seaward side of black line mean?

A

Flat rock

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38
Q

What does the landward side of the black line mean?

A

Cliff

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39
Q

What is Process?

A

A series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end.

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40
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing away of something by different processes.

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41
Q

What are the types of erosion?

A

Hydraulic action

Abrasion

Attrition

Solution

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42
Q

What is Hydraulic action?

A

Where waves enter cracks in rocks, air is compressed by the force of the water causing erosion and forming features such as blowholes.

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43
Q

What is abrasion?

A

The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind. Like sandpaper.

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44
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

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45
Q

What is attrition?

A

Where rocks are bashed against each other and eventually form round rocks.

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46
Q

What is corrasion?

A

The effect of rocks being flung at the cliff by powerful waves.

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47
Q

What are the 4 types of sediment Transportations?

A

Traction

Saltation

Suspension

Solution

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48
Q

What is suspension?

A

Carrying small particles in the water.

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49
Q

What is solution

A

Minerals and salts dissolved in the water.

50
Q

What is traction?

A

Rolling larger boulders along the sea bed.

51
Q

What is saltation?

A

Bouncing smaller rocks along in a leap frog action.

52
Q

What is deposition?

A

Happens when water slows down and waves lose energy.

53
Q

Give some examples of Metamorphic rock?

A

slate

marble

quartzite

gneiss

54
Q

Give some examples of Igneous rock?

A

granite

basalt

obsidian

pumice

55
Q

Give some examples of Sedimentary rock?

A

sandstone

shale

limestone

chalk

56
Q

What is a headland?

A

A part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean.

Hard rock on the coastline that is surrounded by soft rock which had been eroded.

57
Q

What is a bay?

A

Indent in the coastline.

58
Q

What is differential erosion?

A

When softer rocks are eroded at a higher rate than harder rocks.

59
Q

What are the processes of coastal erosion?

A
  1. crack
  2. cave
  3. arch
  4. stack
  5. stump
60
Q

What is a cave?

A

Formed by hydraulic action and abrasion.

Widens and fault or a joint.

61
Q

What is an arch?

A

It is formed after a cave and is when there are back- to- back caves.

62
Q

What is a stack?

A

Arch gets larger and the roof collapses leaving a stack.

63
Q

What is a stack?

A

Formed when a stack is eroded by wind and water.

64
Q

What is sediment?

A

Natural materials that is formed by weathering and erosion.

65
Q

What is the size of boulder?

A

256mm or more

66
Q

What is the size of cobble?

A

64-256 mm

67
Q

What is the size of a pebble?

A

2-64mm

68
Q

What is the size of sand?

A

0.0625-2mm

69
Q

What is the size of silt?

A

0.002-0.0625mm

70
Q

What is the size of Clay?

A

0.002 mm or smaller

71
Q

What does it mean to be sub-jective?

A

one-sided

72
Q

What does it mean to be objective?

A

unbiased; not subjective

73
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Transportation of materials, such as pebbles and sand along the coastline by wave action.

74
Q

What landform is created by longshore drift?

A

A tombolo

75
Q

What is a tombolo beach?

A

Connects an island and a main land.

Created by deposition.

76
Q

How do waves approach the coast?

A

Waves approach the coast at an angle.

77
Q

What are waves controlled by?

A

Waves are controlled by the prevailing or most dominant wind.

78
Q

What swash does?

A

Carries sand and pebbles onto the beach at the same angle as the wave.

79
Q

What backwash does?

A

It draws the sediment down the beach at a right angle to the coastline.

This is the steepest gradient.

80
Q

What longshore drift does?

A

Repeated to create a zig-zag movement of sediment along the coast.

81
Q

Factors influencing coastal landforms?

A
  • rock type
  • geological structures
82
Q

What are hunter-gatherers?

A

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive.

83
Q

What are the first farmers?

A

4,000 year ago, people started setting up farms.

84
Q

What jobs were created by farming?

A

-pottery

-jewellery

-weapons

-tools

85
Q

What is an economy?

A

-people do jobs for services that people need

-people were paid for the jobs that they did

-They can put money in banks

-they buy thing that they need from other people

86
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

These are jobs involved with exploiting materials recourses from the land, sea and forests.

87
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

88
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

These are jobs providing a service for people.

89
Q

What is the Quaternary Sector?

A

These jobs provide information, research and consultancy (advice) e.g. computer programmers.

90
Q

What are the primary sector jobs?

A

-coal mining

  • farming crops
  • farming animals
  • forester
  • gold panning
  • Trawler fishing
91
Q

What are the secondary sector jobs?

A
  • making textiles or cloths
  • processing food
  • ship building
  • car manufacturing
  • making paper
92
Q

What are the tertiary sector jobs?

A

-nursing

  • tourism related
  • solicitor
  • financial advisor
  • Estate agent
  • Shop assistant
93
Q

What are the Quaternary sector jobs?

A
  • phone app designing
  • drug company research

-software designer

  • space satellite research designer

-computer technician

94
Q

What is the economic structure?

A

The proportion of people who work in each of the employment sectors

95
Q

What is the pre-industrial time?

A
  • most people lived and worked in the

countryside.

  • people were mainly farmers but there were

some cottage industries like weaving

  • a small proportion of people would have

worked as servants in a big house

  • Agricultural revolution
  • change in farming
  • improved food production
  • enclosed fields

-forced people off the land

95
Q

What is the pre-industrial time?

A
  • most people lived and worked in the

countryside.

  • people were mainly farmers but there were

some cottage industries like weaving

  • a small proportion of people would have

worked as servants in a big house

  • Agricultural revolution
  • change in farming
  • improved food production
  • enclosed fields

-forced people off the land

96
Q

What is the pre-industrial time?

A
  • most people lived and worked in the

countryside.

  • people were mainly farmers but there were

some cottage industries like weaving

  • a small proportion of people would have

worked as servants in a big house

  • Agricultural revolution
  • change in farming
  • improved food production
  • enclosed fields

-forced people off the land

97
Q

What is an employment structure?

A

An employment structure is the proportion of people who work in each of the employment sectors.

98
Q

What is the Clark Fisher Model?

A

It is a generalised model that could be applied to most of the country.

99
Q

What is Pre-industrial UK?

A
  • The UK in 1750.
  • Most peoplelive and work in the countryside.
  • Most people worked on the land, but there were
    some cottage industries like weaving.
  • A small proportion of people would have worked
    in the tertiary industry. Whatsort of jobs do you
    think they would be doing?
100
Q

What happened after the Pre-industrial stage?

A

The agricultural revolution.

101
Q

What is the Agricultural Revolution?

A

This was a period when there was massive improvements in the efficiency of agricultural production.

Crop rotation, field enclosures,selective breedingstarted to increase the amount of food produced.

102
Q

Why do you think more food needed to be produced?

A

Population had grown by 50% between 1750 and 1800. The Napoleonic Wars prevented corn reaching Britain. This pushed up prices, incentivising farmers to grow more.

103
Q

What is the Enclosure act?

A

The Enclosure Act of 1773 meant that the medieval system of villagers having strips of land was removed. The strips were enclosed into bigger fields, and those fields were given to more prosperous farmers.
Many poorer villagers lost their land or were given pieces too small to effectively farm.

104
Q

What is the Industrial revolution?

A

Alongside the Agricultural Revolution was the Industrial Revolution.

The development of the steam engine fed the demand for coal mining. Steam engines could be used in factories such as cotton mills.

Improvements in the manufacture of iron and steel were made. Iron and steel could be made into train tracks, trains, bridges, pots and pans, ships and thousands of other things.

Some areas became famous for producing one thing e.g., Stoke-on-Trent is know as ’The Potteries’.

105
Q

What was the cause of the Employment structure?

A

The UK was now industrial.

The amount of people working in the secondary sector had risen fast.

People were working in the cotton mills and factories, and Britain was called ‘The Workshop of the World’.

106
Q

What was the rise of the Middle Class?

A

The UK was now industrial.

The amount of people working in the secondary sector had risen fast.

People were working in the cotton mills and factories, and Britain was called ‘The Workshop of the World’.

107
Q

What does demographic mean?

A

To do with population (numbers, ages and ethnicities of people living in a country)

108
Q

What does transition mean?

A

It mean change from one stage to another.

109
Q

What is a model?

A

A simplified structure of reality.

110
Q

Who moved through the model first?

A

The UK was the first country to move through this model.

111
Q

What are the stages?

A

It took about 200 years for the UK to go from stage 1 to stage 4.

112
Q

What is a birth rate?

A

Number of babies born per 1000 people per year.

113
Q

What is a death rate?

A

Number of people dying per 1000 people per year.

114
Q

What is a census?

A

The UK has population data from 1801. This is when the census was first carried out. This is a survey of the people of the country. The only year since, when there has not been one is..?

115
Q

Why is the birth rate high in stage 1?

A
  • Lack of family planning
  • People needing large families to work the land or in
    factories.
  • High infant mortality rates – between 1750 and
    1769 it was estimated that 63% of babies did not
    make it to the age of 5!
  • People married younger – this is part due to the fall
    in long apprenticeships for men which meant they
    couldn’t marry.
116
Q

Why is the death rate high in stage 1?

A
  • Poor diet – many poor people lived close to
    starvation level.
  • Epidemics – bubonic plague, small pox, cholera – in
    London in 1750 about 800 deaths in every 10,000
    were caused by cholera.
  • Poor personal hygiene – woollen clothes were
    rarely washed
  • Poor hygiene - lack of piped water an sanitation
  • Alcoholism – drinking cheap gin started in the 1720s
    when the tax restrictions
    were dropped.
117
Q

What is the birth and death rate like in stage 1?

A

Birth and death rates are both high.
The overall population is low – it is estimated by John Rickman (who carried out the first census) to be 5.5 million in 1700, and 6.5 million by 1750.

118
Q

What is the birth and death rate like in stage 2?

A

Birth rates remain high for the same reasons as before.
However, death rates start to fall.

119
Q

Why do the death rates fall in stage 2?

A

Agricultural revolution
Cheap soap, better water supplies and cheap coal meant people could boil water and wash themselves and their clothes.
Clothes made of cotton became more common and so people could wash them more easily.
Cheaper coal meant warmer and drier homes which meant people were healthier.
Improvements in science meant links were found between dirty water and cholera.
Small impact of improvements in medical care, but lots of people still died in dirty hospitals and from botched medical procedures.

120
Q

What is the birth and death rate like in stage 3?

A

Now the birth rate starts to drop.
The death rate continues to drop.

Year 8 Geography (4 decks)

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