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Geography > Year 8 Geography Exam Revision > Flashcards

Year 8 Geography Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Define weather

A

The daily conditions in our atmosphere

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2
Q

Define climate

A

The average conditions in the atmosphere of a place over a long period of time (usually 30 years or more)

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3
Q

Name the different components of weather

A

Cloud cover

Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)

Temperature

Humidity

Air Pressure

Hours of Sunlight

Wind direction

Wind speed

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4
Q

Temperature:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are the instruments cited

A

What is it: The relative warmth of the air

How is it recorded: Degrees centigrade (Celsius)Using a min/max thermometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson screen

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5
Q

Humidity:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are the instruments cited

A

What is it: Amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere

How is it recorded: Percentage using a Hygrometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson screen

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6
Q

Precipitation:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Moisture which gets deposited from the atmosphere

How is it recorded: Millimeters using a Rain Gauge

Where are the instruments cited: In an open area away from trees and buildings

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7
Q

Wind Speed:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Moving air caused by differences in air pressure

How is it recorded: Km/hour, mph, or knots by anomometer

Where are the instruments cited: In the open, away from shelter, several metres above ground

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8
Q

Wind Direction:What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: The direction of the wind

How is it recorded: N, E, S, W by Wind Vane

Where are the instruments cited: In the open, away from shelter, several metres above ground

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9
Q

Sunshine:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Hours of sunlight

How is it recorded: Hours of sunshine by Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder

Where are the instruments cited: On a rock, away from shelter

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10
Q

Air Pressure:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Weight of a column of air on the earth’s surface

How is it recorded: Millibars by a barometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson Screen

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11
Q

Cloud Cover:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: The amount of sky covered in cloud

How is it recorded: Oktas, computers or visual

Where are the instruments cited: On a roof, away from shelter

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12
Q

Types of rainfall:

A

Relief Rainfall: Air can’t go through mountains so it has to go over causing relief rainfall.

Convection Rainfall: The sun’s heat heats the ground so the air rises and causes water to evaporate more quickly.

Frontal Rainfall: Cold and hot air cannot mix so when warm air masses meet cooler ones the warmer, less dense air is forced to rise over the top.

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13
Q

Why does it rain?

A

When the air holding the water vapour rises, it cools. Warm air can hold more water vapour than cold air, so when the air rises and cools the water vapour condenses. This process causes clouds to form. The point at which the air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour is called the dew point. At this point it rains.

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14
Q

Dew point

A

Point at which the air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour.

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15
Q

What causes evaporation?

A

Mountains

Heat from Sun

Weather fronts

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16
Q

Relief Rainfall

A

Air can’t go through mountains so it has to go over causing relief rainfall.

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17
Q

Convection Rainfall

A

The sun’s heat heats the ground so the air rises and causes water to evaporate more quickly.

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18
Q

Frontal Rainfall

A

Cold and hot air cannot mix so when warm air masses meet cooler ones the warmer, less dense air is forced to rise over the top.

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19
Q

Air Masses the Influence the UK

A

Polar Maritime: Cold and Wet, Comes from Greenland and Arctic Ocean

Arctic Maritime: Cold and Wet, Comes from Arctic

Polar Continental: Cold and Dry, Comes from Northern Russia and Sweden

Tropical Continental: Hot and Dry, Comes from Sahara Desert/North Africa

Tropical Maritime: Warm and Moist, Comes from the Atlantic Ocean

SEE DIAGRAM IN NOTES

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20
Q

What are different types of weather

A

Rain, Hail, Foggy, Sunny, Cloudy, Thunderstorms, Windy, Hurricane, Cyclone, Snow, Tornado, Sleet, Typhoon

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21
Q

What is used to represent a cold front?

A

Blue triangles

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22
Q

What is used to represent a warm front?

A

Red circles

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23
Q

What happens in a cold front?

A

Cold air pushes under the warm air producing strong winds and heavy rain.

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24
Q

What happens in a warm front?

A

Warm air rises over cold air usually producing clouds and rain.

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25
What is a depression?
A low pressure system - when a cold mass meets a warm air mass.
26
What happens to the air in a low pressure system?
It rises and cools
27
What happens to the air in a high pressure system?
It sinks and warms
28
What is an isobar?
A line connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure
29
Satellite images
See your notes
30
Key to Symbols on Synoptic Chart
See images
31
What do satellite images measure?
weather fronts, temperature
32
How is a visible satellite image different from an infrared image?
The infrared image shows energy as heat and they are often colorized to bring out cloud patterns. Visible satellite images look like black and white photos.
33
Why can visible satellite images only be taken during the day?
They are produced by reflected sunlight.
34
What colours indicate cold objects in satellite images?
white, orange, yellow, green (in order of increasing temperature)
35
What colours indicate warm objects in satellite images?
Grey, blue, light grey, dark grey, black (from warm to warmest)
36
What can you look for on a satellite image to tell you if it might be raining?
A large, dense cloud mass with coloured blobs.
37
Evaporation
The process when water turns to water vapour.
38
Condensation Level
The altitude in the sky where it is cold enough for water vapour to turn to water.
39
Condensation
The Process when water vapour turns to water.
40
Prevailing Wind
The most dominant wind.
41
Precipitation
When moisture comes down from the sky. (Rain, hail, snow, sleet)
42
Snow/Glacier
They act as storage for frozen water.
43
Lake
Large pool of water.
44
Resivior
A man-made lake with a dam.
45
Marsh
Flooded Land
46
Evapo-transpiration
The act of the water going up from trees to the atmosphere.
47
Man-Made Water Cycle
When humans take water from the rivers (abstraction), clean it and return it to rivers.
48
Permeable Rock
Rock that allows water to pass through it.
49
Impermeable Rock
Rock that doesn't allow water to pass through it.
50
Infiltrate
When water enters the soil.
51
Through Flow
Water flowing through the soil.
52
Percolation
Water entering into the rocks.
53
Water Table
The height of water in the rocks.
54
Ground Water Flow
When water flows through permeable rock
55
What is physical water scarcity?
The situation where there is not enough water to meet all demands.
56
What is economic water scarcity?
A type of water scarcity caused by an inability to afford the water as a commodity whether or not it is available.
57
What is the importance of water for humanity?
Water is needed for survival: to drink, to irrigate crops, to wash, etc.
58
Area experiencing water scarcity
Darfur Sudan Physical factors: It is one of the dryest regions in the world and hbeen in drought for a long time. Human/Political Factors: Sudan is in civil war that killed hundreds of thousands of people and displaced 2.7mm people in part due to water inequality between Arabs and African populations.
59
What is a case study of how access to water can cause conflict?
The water supply conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in Gaza. Israel controls access to resources in Gaza including water. Israelis have no restrictions put upon their water, including swimming pools, irrigated farms, and large green lawns but the Palestinians do not have access to even enough water to meet their domestic needs. Israel's daily water consumption is four times higher than the 70 litre per day consumed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip by Palestinians. There has been a lot of damage to the water system in Gaza on the Palestinian side due to war between the two countries.
60
How can water being used unsustainably?
Only 2.5% of the world's water is fresh. Arid regions are using water for non-essential things, such as watering lawns, golf courses, and swimming pools. Agriculture and livestock consume vast amounts of water resources and often poison the supply as well. Industry uses 21% of the world's water total, leaving many without water sources (eg. Coca Cola in India)
61
What are the issues with bottled water?
Bottled water production relies on fossil fuels. Plastic bottles create a great deal of waste. The EPA tests for tap water quality are far more stringent than those for bottled water making it potentially less clean and safe than tap water. Many times it is just marketing hype and bottled water is simply tap water.
62
What is there a need for a right to water?
Water is not evenly distributed, and the poor are often the ones who unfairly have the least access to fresh water. Because water is needed for survival and is a natural resource, it should not be treted as a commodity or a product.
63
Geology and relief of Antarctica
Continent, a long geolgical evolution created a variety of stones and mountain ranges of up to 3,794 metres.
64
Climate and Oceanography of Antarctica
Single main body with a circumpolar stream which allows little circulation of heat from other regions. This leads to extremely low temperatures and is the reason for its ice sheet.
65
Flora of Antarctica
Almost no vegetation, mostly Lichens
66
Fauna of Antarctica
Marine mammals like penguins, whales, and seals
67
Population of Antarctica
Historically deserted except for scientific outposts
68
Political status of Antarctica
There are claims of sovereignty by differnet countries but these are not universally recognized.
69
Mineral resources, commodities of Antarctica
Rich sources of ferrous and non-ferrous metal, crude oil, and natural gas
70
Antactica fishing
Nutrient richness has led to fishing and whaling
71
Antarctica - research
Important international research stations
72
Signs of climate change in Antarctica
The melt rate of glaciers has tripled in the last decade The ice that is melting is contributing to rising sea levels The total amount of loss averaged 83 gigatons per year
73
Climate graphs to describe Antarctica's past and present climate
See notes.
74
Possible impact of tourism in Antarctica
Enviroment becomes polluted by increasing numbers of visitors Wildlife become affected by ships, visitors Not all visitors have signed on to the Antarctic Treaty and natural resources could begin to be exploited.
75
What is the Antarctic Treaty
The original treaty that was signed in 1961 to establish Antarctica as a demilitarised, nuclear-free zone Designed to foster international scientific cooperation and set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty Original signatories: Argetina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Soviet Union, South Africa, UK and US Another 34 countries have signed it since including China
76
Why Antarctica Should/Should Not Be Developed
**Should** Rich mineral resources Possible oil and natural gas Tourism Fishery potential - rich, untapped resources **Should Not** Global warming already having an impact Tourism can destroy the pristine environment Accessing natural resources could impact the wildlife
77
What is an aquifer?
A body of pemeable rock which can contain or transmit ground water.
78
How much of fresh water is contained in aquifers?
96% of fresh water is contained in aquifers.
79
How do aquifers work?
The stones in an aquifer create a filtration system. Aquifers supply irrigation to dry areas.

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