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Geography > Year 8 Geography Exam Revision > Flashcards

Year 8 Geography Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Define weather

A

The daily conditions in our atmosphere

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2
Q

Define climate

A

The average conditions in the atmosphere of a place over a long period of time (usually 30 years or more)

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3
Q

Name the different components of weather

A

Cloud cover

Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail)

Temperature

Humidity

Air Pressure

Hours of Sunlight

Wind direction

Wind speed

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4
Q

Temperature:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are the instruments cited

A

What is it: The relative warmth of the air

How is it recorded: Degrees centigrade (Celsius)Using a min/max thermometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson screen

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5
Q

Humidity:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are the instruments cited

A

What is it: Amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere

How is it recorded: Percentage using a Hygrometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson screen

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6
Q

Precipitation:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Moisture which gets deposited from the atmosphere

How is it recorded: Millimeters using a Rain Gauge

Where are the instruments cited: In an open area away from trees and buildings

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7
Q

Wind Speed:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Moving air caused by differences in air pressure

How is it recorded: Km/hour, mph, or knots by anomometer

Where are the instruments cited: In the open, away from shelter, several metres above ground

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8
Q

Wind Direction:What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: The direction of the wind

How is it recorded: N, E, S, W by Wind Vane

Where are the instruments cited: In the open, away from shelter, several metres above ground

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9
Q

Sunshine:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Hours of sunlight

How is it recorded: Hours of sunshine by Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder

Where are the instruments cited: On a rock, away from shelter

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10
Q

Air Pressure:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: Weight of a column of air on the earth’s surface

How is it recorded: Millibars by a barometer

Where are the instruments cited: Inside a Stevenson Screen

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11
Q

Cloud Cover:

What is it

How is it recorded

Where are they instruments cited

A

What is it: The amount of sky covered in cloud

How is it recorded: Oktas, computers or visual

Where are the instruments cited: On a roof, away from shelter

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12
Q

Types of rainfall:

A

Relief Rainfall: Air can’t go through mountains so it has to go over causing relief rainfall.

Convection Rainfall: The sun’s heat heats the ground so the air rises and causes water to evaporate more quickly.

Frontal Rainfall: Cold and hot air cannot mix so when warm air masses meet cooler ones the warmer, less dense air is forced to rise over the top.

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13
Q

Why does it rain?

A

When the air holding the water vapour rises, it cools. Warm air can hold more water vapour than cold air, so when the air rises and cools the water vapour condenses. This process causes clouds to form. The point at which the air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour is called the dew point. At this point it rains.

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14
Q

Dew point

A

Point at which the air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour.

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15
Q

What causes evaporation?

A

Mountains

Heat from Sun

Weather fronts

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16
Q

Relief Rainfall

A

Air can’t go through mountains so it has to go over causing relief rainfall.

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17
Q

Convection Rainfall

A

The sun’s heat heats the ground so the air rises and causes water to evaporate more quickly.

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18
Q

Frontal Rainfall

A

Cold and hot air cannot mix so when warm air masses meet cooler ones the warmer, less dense air is forced to rise over the top.

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19
Q

Air Masses the Influence the UK

A

Polar Maritime: Cold and Wet, Comes from Greenland and Arctic Ocean

Arctic Maritime: Cold and Wet, Comes from Arctic

Polar Continental: Cold and Dry, Comes from Northern Russia and Sweden

Tropical Continental: Hot and Dry, Comes from Sahara Desert/North Africa

Tropical Maritime: Warm and Moist, Comes from the Atlantic Ocean

SEE DIAGRAM IN NOTES

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20
Q

What are different types of weather

A

Rain, Hail, Foggy, Sunny, Cloudy, Thunderstorms, Windy, Hurricane, Cyclone, Snow, Tornado, Sleet, Typhoon

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21
Q

What is used to represent a cold front?

A

Blue triangles

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22
Q

What is used to represent a warm front?

A

Red circles

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23
Q

What happens in a cold front?

A

Cold air pushes under the warm air producing strong winds and heavy rain.

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24
Q

What happens in a warm front?

A

Warm air rises over cold air usually producing clouds and rain.

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25
Q

What is a depression?

A

A low pressure system - when a cold mass meets a warm air mass.

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26
Q

What happens to the air in a low pressure system?

A

It rises and cools

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27
Q

What happens to the air in a high pressure system?

A

It sinks and warms

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28
Q

What is an isobar?

A

A line connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure

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29
Q

Satellite images

A

See your notes

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30
Q

Key to Symbols on Synoptic Chart

A

See images

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31
Q

What do satellite images measure?

A

weather fronts, temperature

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32
Q

How is a visible satellite image different from an infrared image?

A

The infrared image shows energy as heat and they are often colorized to bring out cloud patterns. Visible satellite images look like black and white photos.

33
Q

Why can visible satellite images only be taken during the day?

A

They are produced by reflected sunlight.

34
Q

What colours indicate cold objects in satellite images?

A

white, orange, yellow, green (in order of increasing temperature)

35
Q

What colours indicate warm objects in satellite images?

A

Grey, blue, light grey, dark grey, black (from warm to warmest)

36
Q

What can you look for on a satellite image to tell you if it might be raining?

A

A large, dense cloud mass with coloured blobs.

37
Q

Evaporation

A

The process when water turns to water vapour.

38
Q

Condensation Level

A

The altitude in the sky where it is cold enough for water vapour to turn to water.

39
Q

Condensation

A

The Process when water vapour turns to water.

40
Q

Prevailing Wind

A

The most dominant wind.

41
Q

Precipitation

A

When moisture comes down from the sky. (Rain, hail, snow, sleet)

42
Q

Snow/Glacier

A

They act as storage for frozen water.

43
Q

Lake

A

Large pool of water.

44
Q

Resivior

A

A man-made lake with a dam.

45
Q

Marsh

A

Flooded Land

46
Q

Evapo-transpiration

A

The act of the water going up from trees to the atmosphere.

47
Q

Man-Made Water Cycle

A

When humans take water from the rivers (abstraction), clean it and return it to rivers.

48
Q

Permeable Rock

A

Rock that allows water to pass through it.

49
Q

Impermeable Rock

A

Rock that doesn’t allow water to pass through it.

50
Q

Infiltrate

A

When water enters the soil.

51
Q

Through Flow

A

Water flowing through the soil.

52
Q

Percolation

A

Water entering into the rocks.

53
Q

Water Table

A

The height of water in the rocks.

54
Q

Ground Water Flow

A

When water flows through permeable rock

55
Q

What is physical water scarcity?

A

The situation where there is not enough water to meet all demands.

56
Q

What is economic water scarcity?

A

A type of water scarcity caused by an inability to afford the water as a commodity whether or not it is available.

57
Q

What is the importance of water for humanity?

A

Water is needed for survival: to drink, to irrigate crops, to wash, etc.

58
Q

Area experiencing water scarcity

A

Darfur Sudan

Physical factors: It is one of the dryest regions in the world and hbeen in drought for a long time.

Human/Political Factors: Sudan is in civil war that killed hundreds of thousands of people and displaced 2.7mm people in part due to water inequality between Arabs and African populations.

59
Q

What is a case study of how access to water can cause conflict?

A

The water supply conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in Gaza.

Israel controls access to resources in Gaza including water.

Israelis have no restrictions put upon their water, including swimming pools, irrigated farms, and large green lawns but the Palestinians do not have access to even enough water to meet their domestic needs.

Israel’s daily water consumption is four times higher than the 70 litre per day consumed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip by Palestinians.

There has been a lot of damage to the water system in Gaza on the Palestinian side due to war between the two countries.

60
Q

How can water being used unsustainably?

A

Only 2.5% of the world’s water is fresh.

Arid regions are using water for non-essential things, such as watering lawns, golf courses, and swimming pools.

Agriculture and livestock consume vast amounts of water resources and often poison the supply as well.

Industry uses 21% of the world’s water total, leaving many without water sources (eg. Coca Cola in India)

61
Q

What are the issues with bottled water?

A

Bottled water production relies on fossil fuels.

Plastic bottles create a great deal of waste.

The EPA tests for tap water quality are far more stringent than those for bottled water making it potentially less clean and safe than tap water.

Many times it is just marketing hype and bottled water is simply tap water.

62
Q

What is there a need for a right to water?

A

Water is not evenly distributed, and the poor are often the ones who unfairly have the least access to fresh water.

Because water is needed for survival and is a natural resource, it should not be treted as a commodity or a product.

63
Q

Geology and relief of Antarctica

A

Continent, a long geolgical evolution created a variety of stones and mountain ranges of up to 3,794 metres.

64
Q

Climate and Oceanography of Antarctica

A

Single main body with a circumpolar stream which allows little circulation of heat from other regions. This leads to extremely low temperatures and is the reason for its ice sheet.

65
Q

Flora of Antarctica

A

Almost no vegetation, mostly Lichens

66
Q

Fauna of Antarctica

A

Marine mammals like penguins, whales, and seals

67
Q

Population of Antarctica

A

Historically deserted except for scientific outposts

68
Q

Political status of Antarctica

A

There are claims of sovereignty by differnet countries but these are not universally recognized.

69
Q

Mineral resources, commodities of Antarctica

A

Rich sources of ferrous and non-ferrous metal, crude oil, and natural gas

70
Q

Antactica fishing

A

Nutrient richness has led to fishing and whaling

71
Q

Antarctica - research

A

Important international research stations

72
Q

Signs of climate change in Antarctica

A

The melt rate of glaciers has tripled in the last decade

The ice that is melting is contributing to rising sea levels

The total amount of loss averaged 83 gigatons per year

73
Q

Climate graphs to describe Antarctica’s past and present climate

A

See notes.

74
Q

Possible impact of tourism in Antarctica

A

Enviroment becomes polluted by increasing numbers of visitors

Wildlife become affected by ships, visitors

Not all visitors have signed on to the Antarctic Treaty and natural resources could begin to be exploited.

75
Q

What is the Antarctic Treaty

A

The original treaty that was signed in 1961 to establish Antarctica as a demilitarised, nuclear-free zone

Designed to foster international scientific cooperation and set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty

Original signatories: Argetina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Soviet Union, South Africa, UK and US

Another 34 countries have signed it since including China

76
Q

Why Antarctica Should/Should Not Be Developed

A

Should

Rich mineral resources
Possible oil and natural gas
Tourism
Fishery potential - rich, untapped resources

Should Not

Global warming already having an impact
Tourism can destroy the pristine environment
Accessing natural resources could impact the wildlife

77
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A body of pemeable rock which can contain or transmit ground water.

78
Q

How much of fresh water is contained in aquifers?

A

96% of fresh water is contained in aquifers.

79
Q

How do aquifers work?

A

The stones in an aquifer create a filtration system. Aquifers supply irrigation to dry areas.

Geography (5 decks)

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