Year 5 passmed

Question 1

Histopathologically where is the inflammation in GCA and what are things are deposited in the walls on the arteries causing inflammation and later on ischaemia.

Answer 1

Histopathologically, GCA is marked by transmural inflammation of the intima, media, and adventitia of affected arteries, as well as patchy infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. Mural hyperplasia can narrow the arterial lumen, resulting in distal ischemia

Question 2

4 most common causes of sudden vision loss

Answer 2

ischaemic/vascular (e.g. thrombosis, embolism, temporal arteritis etc). This includes recognised syndromes e.g. occlusion of central retinal vein and occlusion of central retinal artery
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detachment
retinal migraine

Question 3

fundoscopy features of papilloedema

Answer 3

Swollen optic disc: The optic disc, or optic nerve head, appears swollen and elevated above the retina.
Indistinct margins: The margins of the optic disc appear fluffy and indistinct.
Tortuous retinal veins: The retinal veins appear congested, dilated, and twisted.

Question 4

why cant topical steriods be used in herpes simplex keratitis

Answer 4

corticosteroids are contraindicated in active herpes simplex keratitis.

Using corticosteroids in this condition can exacerbate the viral infection and lead to more severe complications, such as corneal perforation.

Question 5

what is a scotoma

Answer 5

a medical term for a blind spot or visual field abnormality that can appear in one or both eyes

seen in glaucoma or macular, optic neuritis, degeneration or stroke or tumours

Question 6

if yoi see RAPD

Answer 6

optic neuritis

Question 7

hyphema or blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

Answer 7

needs urgent referral to opthal

Question 8

Peripheral curtain over vision + spider webs + flashing lights in vision

Answer 8

retinal detachement

Question 9

contact lens associted keratitis - what causative organism

Answer 9

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 10

blurring of the optic disc edges and enlargement of the surrounding veins. There are small haemorrhages (patches of red) surrounding the optic disc which are also seen in

Answer 10

in papilloedema.

something like an optic nerve tumour

Question 11

positive family history of glaucoma - screening starts when

Answer 11

Those with a positive family history of glaucoma should be screened annually from aged 40 years

Question 12

what steriod eye drops can cause corneal ulcers

Answer 12

Steroid eye drops can lead to fungal infections, which in turn can cause corneal ulcers

Question 13

panretinal photo procedure for Diabetic retinopathy can do what

Answer 13

reduce night vision post procedure

Question 14

flashes and floaters new onset in eyes

Answer 14

Any patient who presents with new-onset flashes or floaters should be referred urgently for assessment by an ophthalmologist within 24 hours

Question 15

difference between macular degeneration and chronic glaucoma field loss findings

Answer 15

Macular degeneration is associated with central field loss
Primary open-angle glaucoma is associated with peripheral field loss

Question 16

can you wear contact lenses in conjunctivitis

Answer 16

Contact lens may be worn once topical antibiotic treatment has been started