diabetic eyes and eye size

Question 1

what is diabetic maculopathy

Answer 1

Diabetic maculopathy is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, central retina (responsible for sharp, detailed vision).
The fovea is a small, central pit located in the macula.

Maculopathy is a complication of diabetes and is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina, leading to damage to the retina’s nerve cells and retinal pigment epithelium. This can cause blurred vision or a blind spot in the centre of vision, which can interfere with daily activities such as reading and driving.

Diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes and is often preceded by diabetic retinopathy, a condition that causes changes to the blood vessels in the retina.

Question 2

difference between proliferative and non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 2

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy can cause visual disturbance, presents with microaneurysms
dot and blot haemorrhages
cotton-wool spots,

thickening and distortion in the foveal region are more indicative of macular oedema.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by
growth of new abnormal blood vessels in the retina, which can cause vitreous haemorrhage and retinal detachment.

Question 3

anisocoria

Answer 3

Anisocoria is characterized by a difference in pupil sizes. This phenomenon results due to disturbances in the efferent pathway dynamics.

Question 4

Anisocoria worse in bright light implies a problem with the dilated pupil

Answer 4

holmes adle pupil

When anisocoria is greater in bright light, this means there is an issue with the dilated pupil and its inability to constrict. This could be due to a problem with the parasympathetic nervous system, the oculomotor nerve, the ciliary ganglion, or the iris. Adie’s tonic pupil is a cause of ciliary ganglion dysfunction. This would cause a dilated pupil and the anisocoria would be greater in bright light.

Question 5

the proliferative changes in diabetic retinopathy can lead to the growth of new abnormal vessels in the retina. what can these cause

Answer 5

vitreous haemorrhage and retinal detachment.