Year 5 Core Conditions Flashcards
1
Q
What is the incubation period of influenza?
A
2 days
2
Q
How is influenza spread?
A
Respiratory droplets
3
Q
How many types of influenza strain are there? What is the most common?
A
- A B and C
- A and B are more common
- seasonal fluctuation, more common in winter
4
Q
What are the symptoms of influenza infection?
A
- Fever
- Sweats
- Myalgia
- Dry cough
- Sore throat
- Sneezing
- Headaches
- Nausea
5
Q
Length of illness with flu?
A
- typically resolves 3-7days
* cough and malaise can persist for >2weeks
6
Q
What is the investigations to diagnosis influenza?
A
*Nasal PCR swab
7
Q
Management of flu?
A
- Supportive: fluids, paracetamol and rest
- Supplementary oxygen if desaturating
- Usually self resolves with own immune system
8
Q
Complications of influenza?
A
*Pneumonia
9
Q
What type of virus is measles?
A
RNA paramyxovirus
10
Q
How is measles spread?
A
Respiratory droplets
11
Q
What is the incubation period of measles?
A
10-14 days
12
Q
When are people infective with measles from and to?
A
Infective from prodrome until 4 days after rash starts
13
Q
What are the features of measles prodrome?
A
Irritibale, conjuntivitis and fever
14
Q
What are the tell tale features of measles?
A
- Koplik spots (before): ‘grains of salt on the buccal mucosa
- Rash: discrete maculopapular rash becoming blotchy and confluent which starts behind the ears and then to the whole body
15
Q
What investigations can confirm measles?
A
IgM antibodies can be detected within a few days of rash onset
16
Q
What is the management of measles?
A
- Mainly supportive
- admission may be considered in immunosuppressed or pregnant patients
- notifiable Diseases»_space; inform public health
17
Q
What is the most common complication of measles?
A
Otitis media
18
Q
What is the most common complication cause of death in measles cases?
A
Pneumonia
19
Q
What very rare complication from measles may present 5-10 years following measles?
A
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
20
Q
What is the management of contacts to measles?
A
*if child not immunised against measles then MMR offered which should be given within 72hours
21
Q
What type of virus is mumps caused by?
A
RNA paramyxovirus
22
Q
How is mumps spread?
A
- Respiratory droplets
* Respiratory tract epithelial cells»_space; parotid gland»_space; other tissues
23
Q
When is a person with mumps infective?
A
7 days before and 9 days after parotid swelling starts
24
Q
What is the incubation period of mumps?
A
14-21 days
25
What are the clinical features of mumps?
* Fever
* Malaise
* Muscular pain
* parotitis = 'earache' 'pain on eating' =unilateral initially then becomes bilateral in 70%
26
What is the management of mumps?
* Rest
* paracetamol for fever
* notifiable disease to public health
27
What are the complications of mumps?
* Orchitis (25% of post pubertal males)
* Hearing loss (unilateral and transient)
* Meningoencephalitis
* pancreatitis
28
What virus causes rubella?
Tagovirus
29
What is rubella also known as?
German measles
30
What is the incubation period of rubella?
14-21 days
31
When are patients with rubella infectious from and to?
7 days before symptoms appear to 4 days after the onset of the rash
32
What are the prodrome features of rubella?
Low grade fever
33
What are the clinical features of rubella?
* Prodrome: fever
* Rash: maculopapular, initially on the face before spreading the whole body, usually fades by 3-5days
* lymphadenopathy
34
What are the complications of rubella?
* Arthritis
* thrombocytopenia
* encephalitis
* myocarditis
35
What is the management of rubella?
*Supportive: fluids, paracetamol and rest
36
When is the risk of damage to the fetus high due to rubella?
* first 8-10 weeks 90% risk
| * damage after 16weeks rare
37
What are the features of congenital rubella syndrome?
* Sensorineural deafness
* Congenital cataracts
* Congenital heart disease
* growth retardation
* hepatosplenomegaly
* pupuric skin lesion
* Cerebral palsy
* micropthalmia
38
What is chicken pox caused by?
Varicella zoster virus
39
What is shingles?
Reactivation of the dormant varicella zoster virus in a dorsal root ganglion
40
How is chicken pox spread?
Respiratory droplets
41
When is person with chicken pox infective?
4 days before rash and until 5 days after the rash first appeared
42
What is the incubation period of chicken pox?
10-21 days
43
What are the clinical features of chicken pox?
* Fever initially
* Itchy, rash started on head/trunk before spreading
* Initially macular then papular then vesicular
* systemic upset usually mild
44
What is the management of chicken pox?
* Trim nails
* Calamine lotion
* school exclusion until all lesions are dry and have crusted over
45
What is a common complication of chicken pox?
Secondary bacterial infection of the lesions
46
What are rare complications of chicken pox?
* Pneumonia
* encephalitis
* disseminated haemorrhagic chickenpox
* arthritis, nephritis, and pancreatitis rarely seen
47
What is the cause of whooping cough?
Gram negative bacterium called pertussis
48
How is pertussis spread?
Respiratory droplets
49
What is the immunity of whooping cough?
Neither infection nor immunisation results in lifelong protection -hence adults may develop whooping cough despite having had routine immunisations
50
What is the diagnostic criteria of whooping cough?
Should be suspected if a person has an acute cough that has lasted for 14 days or more and has one or more of the following:
>paroxysmal cough
>Inspiratory whoop
>post-tussive vomiting
>undiagnosed apnoea attacks in young infants
51
What is the classic presentation of whooping cough?
*Coughing bouts
>worse at night and after feeding
>may be ended with vomiting
>associated central cyanosis
* Inspiratory whoop
* Infants may have spells of apnoea
* persisten cough may cause subconjunctival haemorrhages
* symptoms can last 10-14 weeks
52
How is whooping cough diagnosed?
* Per nasal swab culture for pertussis
| * PCR and serology now used
53
What is the management of whooping cough?
* If under 6 months =admitted
* notifiable disease
* oral macrolide indicated if onset of cough is within previous 21 days
* household contacts offered antibiotic prophylaxis
* school exclusion 48 hour after commencing antibiotics (or 21days after onset of symptoms if no antibiotics)
54
What are the complications of whooping cough?
* subconjunctival haemorrhage
* pneumonia
* bronchiectasis
* seizures
55
What is traveller's diarrhoea defined as?
At least 3 loose to watery stools in 24hours with or without abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting or blood in stool
56
What is the most common cause of travellers diarrhoea?
Escherichia coli
57
What is the presentation in 'acute food poisoning'?
Sudden onset of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea after the ingestion of a toxin
58
What organisms typically cause acute food poisoning?
* Staph aureus
* Bacillus cereus
* Clostridium perfringens
59
What is Giardiasis caused by?
Flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia
60
How is Giardia lambia spread?
Faeco-oral route
61
What are the features of a Giardia infection?
* Often asymptomatic
* lethargy, bloating, abode pain
* flatulence
* non-bloody diarrhoea
* chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption
62
What is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis?
Campylobacter
63
How is campylobacter spread?
* Spread by faecal oral route
| * From handling raw meat
64
What are the features of campylobacter?
* Prodrome: headache and malaise (flu like)
* Fever
* Diarrhoea often bloody
* abdo pain mimic appendicitis's
65
What is the management of campylobacter?
* Usually self limiting
* If symptoms severe give antibiotics
* first line antibiotic clarithromycin
* Ciprofloxacin alternative
66
What causes of gastroeneteritis present with bloody diarrhoea?
* Campylobacter
* Shigella
* Amoebiasis
67
What has an incubation period of 1-6hours?
* Staph aureus
| * Bacillus cereus
68
What has an incubation period of 12-48hours?
* Salmonella
| * E. coli
69
What has an incubation period of 48-72 hours?
* Shigella
| * Campylobacter
70
What gastroenteritis has an incubation period of >7days?
* Giardiasis
| * Amoebiasis
71
What is the cause of malaria?
```
Plasmodium protozoa (single cella parasites)
4 species:
>Plasmodium flaciparum (most common)
>Plasmodium vivax
>Plasmodium ovale
>Plasmodium malariae
```
72
How is malaria spread?
Anopheles mosquito
73
What does malaria do?
* Destroy liver cells
| * Destroy red blood cells
74
What are the most common areas affected with malaria?
* Latin amaerica
* Sub saharan Africa
* South Asia
* South east asia
75
What conditions help protection from malaria?
* Sickle cell disease
* Thalassemia
* G6PD deficiency
76
What are the stages of a malaria infection? What happens?
Pre-erythocyte schizogony:
1. Mosquito injection sporozoites into blood circulation
2. Sporozoites enter the liver, divide in cells and release merozoites into bloodstream
Erythocytic schizogony
3. Merozoites invade erythrocytes, grow and dive to form 8-32 parasites, bursting the cell to be released into the blood stream
4. This cycle continues and the number of parasites increase
Gametogony:
5. The merozoites develop into sexual forms of the parasite known as gametocytes
6. Once formed the patient is infective
77
What are the features of severe malaria?
* Schizonts on blood film
* Parasitaemia >2%
* Hypoglycaemia
* Acidosis
* Temperature >39
* Severe anaemia
* Complications: seizures, coma, AKI, ARDS, DIC
