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FoPC > Year 3 FoPC Whirlwind Tour > Flashcards

Year 3 FoPC Whirlwind Tour Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of epidemiology data

A
  • Hospital activity stats
  • Drug misuse database
  • Expenditure data from NHS
  • General practice morbidity data
  • Social securtiy stats
  • Accident statistics
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2
Q

2 broad categories of studies

A
  • Discriptive

- Analytical

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3
Q

What are discriptive studies

A
  • Describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given pop.
  • Cheap quick and give valuable initial overview
  • Can’t prove causation however
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4
Q

3 types of analytical studies

A
  • Cross-sectional study = Looks at single point in time
  • Case controlled studies = One group has disease one doesn’t, looks at risk factors as to why one group got disease
  • Cohort studies = A healthy group are followed through time
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5
Q

Types of bias

A
  • Selection = sample isn’t representiative of pop.
  • Information = systemic error in measuring exposure or disease
  • Follow up bias = Follow up some folk more than others
  • Systematic error = Problem with measuring tool
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6
Q

What are confounding bias

A
  • Distorts the relationshp between the exposure and the disease
  • Factor which is associated independently with both the disease and exposure under investigation
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7
Q

Criteria for causality

A
  • Strength of association
  • Consistency (repeated observation in different pop.s under different circumstances)
  • Specificity (a single exposure leading to a single disease)
  • Temporality (timing, exposure comes before disease)
  • Biological plausibility (Association agrees with know biology of the disease)
  • Biological gradient (dose-response relationship ie more exposure more risk of disease)
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8
Q

What is protection

A

Aimed at factors beyond the control of the individual like changing laws

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9
Q

What is Health promotion

A

Any activity designed to prevent disease or enhance health (can be planned or opportunistic)

  • Educational (informed choice)
  • Socio-economic (make the healthy choice the easy choice)
  • Psychological (change one’s attitude and behaviours)
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10
Q

Health promotion examples

A
  • Primary care (planned or opportunisctic)

- Govt. legislation like age limit and taxes

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11
Q

Challenges to health promotion

A
  • Doctors think resources could be better spent elsewhere

- Health promotion has no evidence for most health promotion activities

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12
Q

What are Wilson’s criteria

A

Disease

  • Important
  • Understood natural hx
  • Pre-symptomatic stage

Test

  • Cost-effective
  • Sensitive and specific
  • Acceptable

Rx

  • Cost-effective
  • Acceptable
  • Better outcome if early rx
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13
Q

Cycle of change

A
  • Pre-cotemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preperation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Relapse
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14
Q

Types of prevention

A
  • Primary prevention (preventing a disease, eg vaccines)
  • Secondary (early (pre-clinical stage) detection to cure or prevent symptoms )
  • Tertiary (limit morbidity caused by a disease)
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15
Q

Types of sustainability

A
  • Global (climate change, resource depletion etc)
  • NHS (Renewable energy, travel plans, Greener building design, meet funding challenges etc)

-Personal and career
+ves = secure job, workload ok, enjoy team working, work-life balance, are appreciated, develop special interests.
ves = high workload, difficult cases, running a buisiness

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16
Q

Occ. health Hx

A
  • Current and previous jobs
  • Exposure to hazards/PPE?
  • Other folk doing the same job getting the same symptoms
  • Symptoms ease when not being exposed (days off)
17
Q

What does occ. health do

A
  • Reduce work-related ill health
  • Improve attendance
  • Ensure a safe workplace (ensure enforcement of health and safety)
  • Advice on ill-health retirment
18
Q

Effect of work, unemployment and re-employment

A
  • Employment = economic resources
  • Unemplyment = Poor general health, early mortaltiy, higher morbidity
  • Re-employment = improved general and mental health and self-esteem
19
Q

Homeostatic reserve

A
  • The abiltiy to stabilise one’s normal internal enviroment
  • Get worse when old as fuck
  • Young people look fine after being stabbed then go into hypovolaemic shock
20
Q

-Global health

A
  • Everyone is ageing, more old cunts wherever you go
  • Mortality rates are dropping
  • More imigration
  • Lead to demographic change (health, social and economic and political groups)
21
Q

Homeostatic reserve

A
  • The abiltiy to stabilise one’s normal internal enviroment
  • Get worse when old
  • Young people look fine after being stabbed then go into hypovolaemic shock suddenly
22
Q

anticipatory care plans

A
  • Promotinog discusion with individuals close to them

- Legal, persona nd medical

23
Q

Demographic changes

A
  • Health= more geriatricians/facilities needed, more chronic conditions, more campaigns aimed at the old
  • Social = More dependent on families and carers (who are also aging
  • Economic = retirement age increase, young folk cant get a job, less people paying into taxes
  • Polictical = Workforce planning
24
Q

What is comorbidity

A

Coexistence of two or more long-term conditions

25
Q

What is an anticipatory care plan

A
  • Discusion with individuals and their care providers (often + family) where decisions are made about their future care
  • Legal, persona nd medical
26
Q

Legal aspect of an anticipatory care plan

A
  • Welfare power of attorney
  • Finaicial power of attorney
  • Gaurdianship
27
Q

Personal aspects of an anticipatory care plan

A
  • Preferred place of death
  • Belief regarding death
  • Advanced directive
28
Q

Medical aspects of an anticipatory care plan

A
  • Home care package
  • DNACPR
  • Palliative care
  • Competence and capacitiy
29
Q

How to determine if a patient is in a palliative stage

A

Palliative performance scale (goes down in 10% incriments higher it is the better youre doing)

30
Q

When do you know someone requires palliative care

A
  • Life-limitting diagnosis
  • Unable to ambulate
  • Majority of the day fatgued sitting
  • Assistance to walk, bed -bound, paralysed
  • Unable to feed themselves

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