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FOPC > Year 2 > Flashcards

Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What members make the Primary Health Care Team?

A 
GPs
GP assistants & salaried doctors
GP registrars
Practice nurses
Practice managers
Receptionists 
Community nurses
Midwives
Health visitors
Nurse practitione
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2
Q

What is the role of the GP?

A

Main point of contact with patient
Carry out consultations & home visits
Work in teams with other professionals & helping the patient to take responsibility of their own health

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3
Q

What aspects of patient care are practice nurses involved in?

A 
Blood samples
ECG
Wound management 
Cervical smear test
Sexual health screening
Child immunisation 
Travel advice & immunisation
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4
Q

What is the role of district nurses?

A

Visit patients in their own home

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5
Q

What is the role of midwife?

A

Provide care throughout all ages of pregnancy, labour & early postnatal period
Work in community, working with GP practice

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6
Q

What is the role of the health visitor?

A

Lead & deliver child & family health services (pregnancy - 5yrs)
Provide ongoing additional services for vulnerable children & families
Contribute to MDT by safeguarding & protecting children

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7
Q

What is the role of Macmillan nurse?

A

Specialist nurse in cancer & palliative care providing support & info for patients with cancer (from point of diagnosis onwards)

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8
Q

What are the main jobs performed by Macmillan nurse?

A

Specialised pain & symptom control
Emotional support for patient & family
Care in various settings - hospital, home & clinic
Info about cancer treatment & side effects
Co-ordinate care between hospital & home
Advice on other forms of support (eg financial)

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9
Q

Who comprises the Allied Health Professionals?

A 
Physiotherapist
Occupational therapist
Dietetics
Pharmacy
Podiatrist
Couselling
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10
Q

What is the main role of pharmacist?

A

An expert on medicines & their use
Advise medical & nursing staff on selection of appropriate meds
Can practice in hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy or in primary care pharmacy

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11
Q

What is the role of dieticians?

A

Enable informed & practical choices about food & lifestyle in health & disease

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12
Q

Qahta re the main tasks of dietician?

A

Working with people with specialist dietary needs
Inform general public about nutrition
Evaluating & improving treatments
Educating, public, patients & healthcare workers

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13
Q

What is the role of physiotherapist?

A

Help treat people with physical problems caused by illness, accident or ageing
Maximise movement through health promotion
Use manual therapy & therapeutic exercise

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14
Q

What is the role of OT?

A

Work with people to overcome disability caused by physical or psychological illness, ageing or accident

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15
Q

Who do OTs work with?

A 
Work with children, adults & older people in:
Physical rehab
Mental health services
Learning disability
Paediatrics
Environmental adaptation 
Care Management
Equipment for daily living
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16
Q

What are the Selected Secondary Care Services?

A

Hospital consultants
Diagnostic imaging
Operating services

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17
Q

What is the role of the care manager?

A

Identify specific support needs

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18
Q

Who is involved in social services?

A

Social workers

Social are workers

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19
Q

What do complimentary therapists perform?

A

Acupuncture

Homeopathy

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20
Q

What are the changes that are affected PHCT?

A

The professional groups part of the PHCT
The professional groups alongside PHCT
Working relationships between groups

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21
Q

What are the principles that underpin good team work?

A

Recognise & include patient as member of PHCT (patient centred-care)
Establish a common purpose
Set objectives & monitor progress
Agree team working conditions & process fr resolving conflict
Ensure that each member acknowledges their skills
Importance of communication
Select leader of team for leadership skills

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22
Q

Integration of _____ & ______ care team

A

Health

Social care

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23
Q

What are the reasons for an ageing population?

A

Decreased mortality (increased life expectancy)
Decreased birth rate
Due to: public health, housing, clean water, nutrition & migration

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24
Q

What are the different factors which are affected by ageing population?

A

Health implications
Economic implications
Social implications
Political implications

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25
Q

What are the health implications of an ageing population?

A

Increased number of health professionals required in care of older population
Increased number of facilities for healthcare
Care for long term conditions
Specific health promotion campaigns for elderly

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26
Q

What are the economic implications for an ageing population?

A

Increased retirement/ pension age
Less people paying into tax & pension funds
Elderly may find state pension inadequate
More difficult for younger people to find jobs as “top end” remain employed

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27
Q

What are the social implications of ageing population?

A

Increased dependance on families/carers
Increased demand for care homes/nursing homes
Socially in communities, increased emphasis on providing activities for elderly
Role of elderly may change as grandparents

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28
Q

What are the political implications of ageing population?

A

The increased elderly population will potentially have the power to influence political decision making

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29
Q

What is the leading cause of death in women?

A

Dementia/AD

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30
Q

What is the leading cause of death in men?

A

Heart disease

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31
Q

What is the role of carers?

A

Provide meal preparation, shopping
Company, social support
Personal care
Personal fiances

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32
Q

What is the impact of caring?

A

Not able to work in full-time employment- decreased household income
Have to cut back on food & heating
Affecting carers health
Missed out on financial support as a result of not getting right info or advice
Affects relationship with friends & family

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33
Q

What is the definition of multi-morbidity?

A

Co-existence of 2 or more long term conditions in an individual

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34
Q

What are the different options for care?

A 
Living at home with family support
Living in own home with support from social services
Sheltered housing
Residential care 
Nursing home 
Hospital admission
Specialist unit (eg. Dementia)
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35
Q

What is the name of the document which details care plan?

A

Anticipatory care plan

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36
Q

What does the ACP demonstrate legally?

A

Financial & Welfare Power of Attorney

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37
Q

What are the medical components of ACP?

A

Home care packages
Wishes re DNA CPR
Electronic care summary
Assessment of capacity

38
Q

What are the personal component of ACP?

A 
Next of kin
Consent to pass info onto others
Preferred place of death
Current level of support
Statement of wishes regarding treatment
39
Q

What are the 5 Principles of Patient Centred Care?

A 
Respect
Choice & empowerment 
Patient involvement in health policy
Access & support
Information
40
Q

What are some examples of long term health conditions?

A 
Osteoarthritis 
IHD
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
MS
Parkinsons
41
Q

What is the definition of incidence?

A

The number of new cases of a disease in a population in specified period of time

42
Q

What is the definition of prevalence?

A

The number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time

43
Q

What are the aetiology factors which contribute to chronic disease?

A

Genetic factors

Environmental factors

44
Q

What is the definition of vulnerability with regards to chronic disease?

A

An individuals capacity to resist disease, repair damage & restore physiological homeostasis

45
Q

What are the natural histories of chronic disease?

A

Some of acute onset (stroke)
Some maybe gradual with slow or rapid deterioration (angina)
Realpse & remit (cancer)

46
Q

What is a “Burden of Treatment”?

A

The enormous demands put on patients & caregivers by the healthcare system

47
Q

What are the factors which contribute to Burden of Treatment in CD?

A

Changing behaviour policing behaviour of other to adhere to lifestyle modifications
Monitoring & managing symptoms at home
Complex treatment regimes & multiple drugs
Complex admin systems & accessing, coping with uncoordinated health & social care systems

48
Q

Biographical Disruption in terms of chronic disease leads to…

A

Loss of confidence in the body

Loss of confidence in social interaction or self-identity

49
Q

What are the stigmatised ideas associated with long term conditions?

A

Some visible, non-visible
Can be subject to stigmatisation
Coping to stigma involves a number of strategies; whether to disclose info or attempt to cancel aspects of condition

50
Q

What are the individual impacts of LTC?

A

Denial
Self pity
Apathy

51
Q

What is the impact of LTC on families?

A

Financial
Emotional
Physical

52
Q

What is the impact on society with regards to community?

A

Isolation of individual

53
Q

What is the definition of The Expert Patient?

A

Those with LTC

Has extensive knowledge & take part in key decisions in their own care

54
Q

What is the WHO classification of Impairments, Disabilities & Handicap?

A 
Body & Structure Impairment (abnormality of structures, organs or systems)
Activity limitation (changing functional performance & activity by individual)
Participation Restriction (disadvantage experienced by individual as a result of impairments & disability)
55
Q

What is the Medical models of Disability?

A

Individual/ personal cause
Underlying pathology
Individual level intervention
Individual change/adjust

56
Q

What are the Social Models of Disability?

A

Society cause
Condition related to housing
Political/social action needed
Social attitudes change

57
Q

What do the personal reactions to disability depend on?

A 
Nature of disability
Info based on individual
Personality of individual
Coping strategies of individual
Mood & emotional reaction 
Support network of individual
58
Q

What are the different causes of disability?

A 
Congenital
Injury
Communicable disease
Non-communicable disease
Alcohol
Mental illness 
Obesity
Malnutrition
59
Q

What are the 4 categories of the Watson’s Criteria for screening?

A

Knowledge of disease
Knowledge of test
Treatment of disease
Cost of findings

60
Q

What aspects of knowledge of disease are required for screening?

A

Important disease
Recognised in early stage
Nature of condition understood

61
Q

What aspects of knowledge of test required for screening?

A

Suitable test

Test acceptable to population

62
Q

What aspects of treatment for disease are required for screening?

A

Acceptable treatment for patient with disease

Facilities for diagnosis & treatment

63
Q

What aspects of cost of findings are required for screening?

A

Cost of one finding balanced against medical care as a whole

64
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Signs
Symptoms
Diagnosis

65
Q

What is the definition of illness?

A

Ideas
Concerns
Expectation
(Patients perspective)

66
Q

What factors affect uptake of care?

A

Sources of info - peers, family, TV, health pages, leaflets
Family encouragement
Medical symptoms - new symptoms, visible symptoms, increased severity or duration
Non-medical factors - peer pressure, patient beliefs, social class, age, gender, culture

67
Q

What are the 3 main aims of epidemiology?

A

Description
Explanation
Disease control

68
Q

Epidemiology compares groups to detect differences pointing to?

A

Etiological clues
The scope of prevention
The identification of high risk or priority groups in society

69
Q

Minor illness may have increased ______ & decreased _____.

A

incidence

prevalence

70
Q

Chronic illness may have decreased ____ & increased _____.

A

Incidence

prevalence

71
Q

Clinical medicine deals with individuals whilst epidemiology deals with _____.

A

Population

72
Q

Numerator/Denominator =

A

No. of events/Population at risk

73
Q

What is relative risk a measure of?

A

A measure of the strength of association between suspected risk factors & disease underlying it

74
Q

What is the equation for Relative risK?

A

Incidence of disease exposed group/ Incidence of disease in unexposed group

75
Q

What is the equation for Absolute risk?

A

The no. of events in exposed or control group/ No. of people in group

76
Q

Where are the sources for epidemiology data collected?

A 
Mortality data
Reproductive health stats
Accident stats
Cancer stats
GP mortality
Expenditure data for NHS
77
Q

What is the definition of health literacy?

A

The patients knowledge, skills, understanding & confidence to use health info to be an active partner in their care & navigate health & social care systems

78
Q

What are the different types of clinical studies called?

A

Descriptive Study
Analytical Studies: Cross sectional, Case Control studies
Cohort studies

79
Q

What do SIGN guidelines facilitate?

A

Help health professionals & patients understand medical evidence & use it to make decisions about healthcare
Reduce variation in practice & make sure patients receive best available

80
Q

What do Descriptive studies do?

A

Describe the amount & distribution of disease in given population
Follow time, place & person framework

81
Q

What do Cross-sectional studies do?

A

Observations are made at single point in time (prevalence study, disease frequency, survey)
Conclusions drawn about relationships between diseases
Quick results

82
Q

What do Case control studies do?

A

Compare 2 groups of people (relative risk)
A group of individuals who do have the disease of interest
A group of individuals who do not have disease
Case-control comparison after previous exposure

83
Q

What do Cohort studies do?

A

Baseline data on exposure are collected from groups of people who do not have disease are studied.
The group is then followed through time until a sufficient number have developed disease to allow analysis.

84
Q

What type of control trials give a definitive method of accessing any new treatment in medicine?

A

Randomised control trials

85
Q

When interpreting results, what factors are considered?

A 
Standardisation 
Standardised mortality ratio 
Quality of data
Case definition 
Coding & Classifcation
Ascertainment
86
Q

What is bias in data analysis?

A

Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions which are systematically different from truth

87
Q

What are the different types of data bias?

A 
Selection bias (study sample not representative of whole population)
Information bias (Past exposure)
Follow up bias(One group of subjects is followed up more)
Systematic error (a tendency for measurements to always fall on one side of true value)
88
Q

What are ways to deal with confounding factors?

A

Randomisation
Restriction of eligibility in criteria
Results stratified according to confounding factors

89
Q

What is a confounding factor?

A

Is one that is independently associated with both disease & exposure & therefore distorts the relationship btw exposure & disease
(Age, Sex & Class)

90
Q

What are the stages of the audit cycle?

A 
Preparation
Selection criteria
Measure level of performance
Making improvements
Maintain improvements

FOPC (3 decks)

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