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Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What members make the Primary Health Care Team?

A 
GPs
GP assistants & salaried doctors
GP registrars
Practice nurses
Practice managers
Receptionists 
Community nurses
Midwives
Health visitors
Nurse practitione
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2
Q

What is the role of the GP?

A

Main point of contact with patient
Carry out consultations & home visits
Work in teams with other professionals & helping the patient to take responsibility of their own health

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3
Q

What aspects of patient care are practice nurses involved in?

A 
Blood samples
ECG
Wound management 
Cervical smear test
Sexual health screening
Child immunisation 
Travel advice & immunisation
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4
Q

What is the role of district nurses?

A

Visit patients in their own home

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5
Q

What is the role of midwife?

A

Provide care throughout all ages of pregnancy, labour & early postnatal period
Work in community, working with GP practice

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6
Q

What is the role of the health visitor?

A

Lead & deliver child & family health services (pregnancy - 5yrs)
Provide ongoing additional services for vulnerable children & families
Contribute to MDT by safeguarding & protecting children

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7
Q

What is the role of Macmillan nurse?

A

Specialist nurse in cancer & palliative care providing support & info for patients with cancer (from point of diagnosis onwards)

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8
Q

What are the main jobs performed by Macmillan nurse?

A

Specialised pain & symptom control
Emotional support for patient & family
Care in various settings - hospital, home & clinic
Info about cancer treatment & side effects
Co-ordinate care between hospital & home
Advice on other forms of support (eg financial)

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9
Q

Who comprises the Allied Health Professionals?

A 
Physiotherapist
Occupational therapist
Dietetics
Pharmacy
Podiatrist
Couselling
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10
Q

What is the main role of pharmacist?

A

An expert on medicines & their use
Advise medical & nursing staff on selection of appropriate meds
Can practice in hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy or in primary care pharmacy

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11
Q

What is the role of dieticians?

A

Enable informed & practical choices about food & lifestyle in health & disease

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12
Q

Qahta re the main tasks of dietician?

A

Working with people with specialist dietary needs
Inform general public about nutrition
Evaluating & improving treatments
Educating, public, patients & healthcare workers

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13
Q

What is the role of physiotherapist?

A

Help treat people with physical problems caused by illness, accident or ageing
Maximise movement through health promotion
Use manual therapy & therapeutic exercise

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14
Q

What is the role of OT?

A

Work with people to overcome disability caused by physical or psychological illness, ageing or accident

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15
Q

Who do OTs work with?

A 
Work with children, adults & older people in:
Physical rehab
Mental health services
Learning disability
Paediatrics
Environmental adaptation 
Care Management
Equipment for daily living
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16
Q

What are the Selected Secondary Care Services?

A

Hospital consultants
Diagnostic imaging
Operating services

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17
Q

What is the role of the care manager?

A

Identify specific support needs

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18
Q

Who is involved in social services?

A

Social workers

Social are workers

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19
Q

What do complimentary therapists perform?

A

Acupuncture

Homeopathy

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20
Q

What are the changes that are affected PHCT?

A

The professional groups part of the PHCT
The professional groups alongside PHCT
Working relationships between groups

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21
Q

What are the principles that underpin good team work?

A

Recognise & include patient as member of PHCT (patient centred-care)
Establish a common purpose
Set objectives & monitor progress
Agree team working conditions & process fr resolving conflict
Ensure that each member acknowledges their skills
Importance of communication
Select leader of team for leadership skills

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22
Q

Integration of _____ & ______ care team

A

Health

Social care

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23
Q

What are the reasons for an ageing population?

A

Decreased mortality (increased life expectancy)
Decreased birth rate
Due to: public health, housing, clean water, nutrition & migration

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24
Q

What are the different factors which are affected by ageing population?

A

Health implications
Economic implications
Social implications
Political implications

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25
What are the health implications of an ageing population?
Increased number of health professionals required in care of older population Increased number of facilities for healthcare Care for long term conditions Specific health promotion campaigns for elderly
26
What are the economic implications for an ageing population?
Increased retirement/ pension age Less people paying into tax & pension funds Elderly may find state pension inadequate More difficult for younger people to find jobs as "top end" remain employed
27
What are the social implications of ageing population?
Increased dependance on families/carers Increased demand for care homes/nursing homes Socially in communities, increased emphasis on providing activities for elderly Role of elderly may change as grandparents
28
What are the political implications of ageing population?
The increased elderly population will potentially have the power to influence political decision making
29
What is the leading cause of death in women?
Dementia/AD
30
What is the leading cause of death in men?
Heart disease
31
What is the role of carers?
Provide meal preparation, shopping Company, social support Personal care Personal fiances
32
What is the impact of caring?
Not able to work in full-time employment- decreased household income Have to cut back on food & heating Affecting carers health Missed out on financial support as a result of not getting right info or advice Affects relationship with friends & family
33
What is the definition of multi-morbidity?
Co-existence of 2 or more long term conditions in an individual
34
What are the different options for care?
``` Living at home with family support Living in own home with support from social services Sheltered housing Residential care Nursing home Hospital admission Specialist unit (eg. Dementia) ```
35
What is the name of the document which details care plan?
Anticipatory care plan
36
What does the ACP demonstrate legally?
Financial & Welfare Power of Attorney
37
What are the medical components of ACP?
Home care packages Wishes re DNA CPR Electronic care summary Assessment of capacity
38
What are the personal component of ACP?
``` Next of kin Consent to pass info onto others Preferred place of death Current level of support Statement of wishes regarding treatment ```
39
What are the 5 Principles of Patient Centred Care?
``` Respect Choice & empowerment Patient involvement in health policy Access & support Information ```
40
What are some examples of long term health conditions?
``` Osteoarthritis IHD COPD Diabetes mellitus MS Parkinsons ```
41
What is the definition of incidence?
The number of new cases of a disease in a population in specified period of time
42
What is the definition of prevalence?
The number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time
43
What are the aetiology factors which contribute to chronic disease?
Genetic factors | Environmental factors
44
What is the definition of vulnerability with regards to chronic disease?
An individuals capacity to resist disease, repair damage & restore physiological homeostasis
45
What are the natural histories of chronic disease?
Some of acute onset (stroke) Some maybe gradual with slow or rapid deterioration (angina) Realpse & remit (cancer)
46
What is a "Burden of Treatment"?
The enormous demands put on patients & caregivers by the healthcare system
47
What are the factors which contribute to Burden of Treatment in CD?
Changing behaviour policing behaviour of other to adhere to lifestyle modifications Monitoring & managing symptoms at home Complex treatment regimes & multiple drugs Complex admin systems & accessing, coping with uncoordinated health & social care systems
48
Biographical Disruption in terms of chronic disease leads to...
Loss of confidence in the body | Loss of confidence in social interaction or self-identity
49
What are the stigmatised ideas associated with long term conditions?
Some visible, non-visible Can be subject to stigmatisation Coping to stigma involves a number of strategies; whether to disclose info or attempt to cancel aspects of condition
50
What are the individual impacts of LTC?
Denial Self pity Apathy
51
What is the impact of LTC on families?
Financial Emotional Physical
52
What is the impact on society with regards to community?
Isolation of individual
53
What is the definition of The Expert Patient?
Those with LTC | Has extensive knowledge & take part in key decisions in their own care
54
What is the WHO classification of Impairments, Disabilities & Handicap?
``` Body & Structure Impairment (abnormality of structures, organs or systems) Activity limitation (changing functional performance & activity by individual) Participation Restriction (disadvantage experienced by individual as a result of impairments & disability) ```
55
What is the Medical models of Disability?
Individual/ personal cause Underlying pathology Individual level intervention Individual change/adjust
56
What are the Social Models of Disability?
Society cause Condition related to housing Political/social action needed Social attitudes change
57
What do the personal reactions to disability depend on?
``` Nature of disability Info based on individual Personality of individual Coping strategies of individual Mood & emotional reaction Support network of individual ```
58
What are the different causes of disability?
``` Congenital Injury Communicable disease Non-communicable disease Alcohol Mental illness Obesity Malnutrition ```
59
What are the 4 categories of the Watson's Criteria for screening?
Knowledge of disease Knowledge of test Treatment of disease Cost of findings
60
What aspects of knowledge of disease are required for screening?
Important disease Recognised in early stage Nature of condition understood
61
What aspects of knowledge of test required for screening?
Suitable test | Test acceptable to population
62
What aspects of treatment for disease are required for screening?
Acceptable treatment for patient with disease | Facilities for diagnosis & treatment
63
What aspects of cost of findings are required for screening?
Cost of one finding balanced against medical care as a whole
64
What is the definition of disease?
Signs Symptoms Diagnosis
65
What is the definition of illness?
Ideas Concerns Expectation (Patients perspective)
66
What factors affect uptake of care?
Sources of info - peers, family, TV, health pages, leaflets Family encouragement Medical symptoms - new symptoms, visible symptoms, increased severity or duration Non-medical factors - peer pressure, patient beliefs, social class, age, gender, culture
67
What are the 3 main aims of epidemiology?
Description Explanation Disease control
68
Epidemiology compares groups to detect differences pointing to?
Etiological clues The scope of prevention The identification of high risk or priority groups in society
69
Minor illness may have increased ______ & decreased _____.
incidence | prevalence
70
Chronic illness may have decreased ____ & increased _____.
Incidence | prevalence
71
Clinical medicine deals with individuals whilst epidemiology deals with _____.
Population
72
Numerator/Denominator =
No. of events/Population at risk
73
What is relative risk a measure of?
A measure of the strength of association between suspected risk factors & disease underlying it
74
What is the equation for Relative risK?
Incidence of disease exposed group/ Incidence of disease in unexposed group
75
What is the equation for Absolute risk?
The no. of events in exposed or control group/ No. of people in group
76
Where are the sources for epidemiology data collected?
``` Mortality data Reproductive health stats Accident stats Cancer stats GP mortality Expenditure data for NHS ```
77
What is the definition of health literacy?
The patients knowledge, skills, understanding & confidence to use health info to be an active partner in their care & navigate health & social care systems
78
What are the different types of clinical studies called?
Descriptive Study Analytical Studies: Cross sectional, Case Control studies Cohort studies
79
What do SIGN guidelines facilitate?
Help health professionals & patients understand medical evidence & use it to make decisions about healthcare Reduce variation in practice & make sure patients receive best available
80
What do Descriptive studies do?
Describe the amount & distribution of disease in given population Follow time, place & person framework
81
What do Cross-sectional studies do?
Observations are made at single point in time (prevalence study, disease frequency, survey) Conclusions drawn about relationships between diseases Quick results
82
What do Case control studies do?
Compare 2 groups of people (relative risk) A group of individuals who do have the disease of interest A group of individuals who do not have disease Case-control comparison after previous exposure
83
What do Cohort studies do?
Baseline data on exposure are collected from groups of people who do not have disease are studied. The group is then followed through time until a sufficient number have developed disease to allow analysis.
84
What type of control trials give a definitive method of accessing any new treatment in medicine?
Randomised control trials
85
When interpreting results, what factors are considered?
``` Standardisation Standardised mortality ratio Quality of data Case definition Coding & Classifcation Ascertainment ```
86
What is bias in data analysis?
Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions which are systematically different from truth
87
What are the different types of data bias?
``` Selection bias (study sample not representative of whole population) Information bias (Past exposure) Follow up bias(One group of subjects is followed up more) Systematic error (a tendency for measurements to always fall on one side of true value) ```
88
What are ways to deal with confounding factors?
Randomisation Restriction of eligibility in criteria Results stratified according to confounding factors
89
What is a confounding factor?
Is one that is independently associated with both disease & exposure & therefore distorts the relationship btw exposure & disease (Age, Sex & Class)
90
What are the stages of the audit cycle?
``` Preparation Selection criteria Measure level of performance Making improvements Maintain improvements ```

FOPC (3 decks)

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