Year 13 Revision Schedule

Question 1

How does an MRI scan work?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 1

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: all protons are aligned in the body, then disaligned, then realigned again to produce the image.

Question 2

How does Maguire use and MRI scanner?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 2

Maguire used an MRI scanner before and after the participants completed their task to travel through London using only a map.

Question 3

What was Maguire able to see as a result of the MRI scans?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 3

Plasticity of the brain - changes to the appearance of the brain.

Question 4

What are 2 positives of an MRI?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 4

• painless and don’t cause any harm
• allow to see plasticity of the brain

Question 5

What are 3 negatives of MRIs?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 5

• not available to everyone (metal implants, pregnant women) - reduces variability
• very unnatural - low ecological validity
• does not show areas of the brain that are active

Question 6

What is an FMRI?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 6

Works similarly to an MRI, produces an image of the brain, but also shows the specific areas of the brain that are active while the participant completes a task. Uses a blood oxygenation level dependent technique (BOLD).

Question 7

How does Fisher use an FMRI?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 7

During his “Love Study”, Fisher uses an FMRI to see the areas where Dopamine is present when participants are shown photographs of people they are in love with.

Question 8

What was Fisher able to see from the FMRI?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 8

Fisher was able to see the areas where Dopamine was present, but not how much Dopamine there was.

Question 9

What are 2 positives of an FMRI scan?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 9

• more natural than an MRI as the participants must be completing a task or activity in order to produce an image - increases ecological validity
• painless and does not have any side effects - high ethical value

Question 10

What are 2 negatives of an FMRI scan?

Biological Approach - Techniques to study the brain

Answer 10

• can see the presence of a neurotransmitter but not the volume of it
• also cannot be used by anyone with metal implants due to the magnetic field - reduces variability

Question 11

What is the Multi-Store Memory Model?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 11

The concept that the brain is divided into separate stores for the Long Term and Short Term memory.

Question 12

How does the Multi-Store Memory Model work?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 12

Sensory Input > attention > STM > rehearsal > LTM

Question 13

What do we know about the Short Term Memory?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 13

• holds 7+/- 2 items at a time
• for up to 18 seconds
• responsible for episodic memories

Question 14

What do we know about the Long Term Memory?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 14

• infinite capacity
• infinite time items can be held for
• items can be retreived at any time

Question 15

How did Milner use HM’s brain to investigate the Multi-Store Memory Model?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 15

HM had surgery to remove part of his hippocampus. She asked him a series of questions relating to both his short and long term memory.

Question 16

What did Milner find from her research with HM?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 16

Milner found that HM was able to recall information about his family and events from his past, but was unable to form new episodic memories. This proved that the Multi-Store Memory Model must consist of separate stores.

Question 17

What were 3 benefits of Milner’s research?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 17

• could be useful when researching the impacts and effects of Dementia and Alzheimer’s
• Longitudinal study - spans over 50 years so the researcher can see the development and changes of the brain
• HM was observed in his natural environment - high ecological validity

Question 18

What are 2 negatives of Milner’s study of HM?

Cognitive Approach - Multi-Store Memory Model

Answer 18

• the downside of longitudinal case studies is that they cannot be replicated easily
• retrospective in nature - there was not alot of evidence of HM’s cognitive abilities before his bike accident

Question 19

According to Piaget, what are the 4 stages of play?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 19

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Formal Operational Stage (11-16 years)

Question 20

What is Object Permanence and when does it start to develop?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 20

• The idea that something still exists even when you can’t see it
• Occurs in the Sensorimotor Stage

Question 21

What is Conservation? When does it occur?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 21

• The understanding that the amount of something stays the same, even if it’s physical appearance changes
• Occurs in the Preoperational Stage

Question 22

What are 3 strengths of Piaget’s theory of stages of play?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 22

• He was the first to create this theory, and it has been widely accepted
• His research has had a large impact on education
• The theory shows the development of cognitive function over a long period of time

Question 23

What are 3 limitations of Piaget’s theory of the stages of play?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 23

• Lots of the language used in the study was not appropriate for the age of the children
• The theory describes what happens, but does not explain how or why
• Later researchers have questioned the timings of the stages and suggest that they may occur earlier than Piaget predicted

Question 24

What was the aim of Baillargeon’s study into object permanence?

Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 24

To investigate at what age children begin to develop object permanence.

Question 25

What was the procedure of Baillargeon's study into object permanence? ## Footnote Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 25

A box was placed at the top of a train track behind a curtain. The box was moved forward onto the track, but as the curtains closed, the box moved back again. The idea was that the child would stare longer at the car when the box was supposed to be blocking the track, as if to question why the car did not stop.

Question 26

What were the two conditions in the procedure of Baillargeon's study of object permanence? ## Footnote Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 26

Possible condition - no obstacle Impossible condition - block on track

Question 27

What were the findings of Baillargeon's study into object permanence? ## Footnote Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 27

Baillargeon found that: - infants understood that the car and box still exist - the children understand that the box should have stopped the car

Question 28

How do the findings of Baillargeon's study into object permanence, support Piaget's theory? ## Footnote Developmental Psychology - Developing as a learner

Answer 28

- Object permanence is a stage of cognitive development - Object permanence does not develop until 6 months old, so Piaget's theory of up to 2 years may be extensive

Question 29

What is localisation of function? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Localisation of Function

Answer 29

The idea that different areas of the brain are responsible for different functions

Question 30

What was the aim of Milner's study of localisation of function? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Localisation of Function

Answer 30

To investiage whether different areas of the brain had different responsibilities for functions of the brain.

Question 31

How did Milner investigate localisation of function? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Localisation of Function

Answer 31

Working with a participant called HM, Milner used MRI scans to see images of HM's brain. Following a brain operation, HM had part of his temporal lobe removed. HM was then asked several questions about his past.

Question 32

What did Milner discover about localisation of function in her study with HM? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Localisation of Function

Answer 32

Milner discovered that HM could recall events from decades ago, but was unable to remember simple things like what he had for breakfast. This was because the temporal lobe is responsible for creating new episodic memories, which HM could not do due to his brain operation to remove that area.

Question 33

What is neuroplasticity? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain and Behaviour

Answer 33

The physical change in appearance of the brain

Question 34

What was the aim of Maguire's study into neuroplasticity? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain and Behaviour

Answer 34

Maguire's aim was to see the physical changes to the appearance of the brain after learning new information.

Question 35

What was the procedure of Maguire's study into neuroplasticity? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain and Behaviour

Answer 35

Maguire's sample consisted of a group of taxi drivers and non-taxi drivers. They were all asked to navigate their way through London using only a map. Every participant had an MRI scan before and after the study.

Question 36

What were the results of Maguire's study into neuroplasticity? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain and Behaviour

Answer 36

Maguire found that the participants who were taxi drivers had an increase in the size of their posterior hippocampus, and a decrease in the size of their anterior hippocampus. The non-taxi drivers had a decrease in the size of their posterior hippocampus, and an increase in the anterior hippocampus.

Question 37

What was the explanaition for the results of Maguire's study of neuroplasticity? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain and Behaviour

Answer 37

The role of the posterior hippocampus is to process old information. The role of the anterior hippocampus is to process new information. Therefore the taxi drivers had an increase in the size of their posterior hippocampus because they already knew the routes, and were not learning anything new. The non-taxi drivers had an increase in the size of their anterior hippocampus because they were learning new information and routes.

Question 38

What are neurotransmitters? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 38

Electrical signals sent through the brain

Question 39

How do neurotransmitters work? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 39

The action potential travels through the axon to the vesicles. The vesicles are stimulated to fire the neurone. The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and are picked up by the receptors. Whether the neurotransmitter is inhibitory or excitatory will depend on whether the axon fires or not. The action potential then travels down the axon again, and the process repeats.

Question 40

What was the aim of Roger and Kesner's study into neurotransmitters? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 40

The aim of Roger and Kesner's study was to investigate the changes in ACH in rats when in placed in a maze.

Question 41

What was the procedure of Roger and Kesner's study of neurotransmitters? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 41

The rats were put into a maze for some time, before being injected with scopolamine and acetycholine. They were then placed back into the maze to see how their behaviour changed.

Question 42

What were the results of Roger and Kesner's study of neurotransmitters? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 42

R&K found that the rats injected with scopolamine had no impact on their ability to complete the maze. But the rats who were given acetycholine struggled to complete the maze, as their spatial awareness was displaced.

Question 43

What are agonisits? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 43

Agonists make a neuron more likely to fire.

Question 44

What are antagonists? ## Footnote Biological Approach - Brain & Behaviour

Answer 44

Antagonists make neurons less likely to fire.

Question 45

What is the Multi-Store Memory Model? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processes

Answer 45

The idea created by Atkinson and Shiffrin, that the sensory, short-term and long-term memory all exist as different stores.

Question 46

What is the sensory store in the MSMM? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processes

Answer 46

Sensory inputs enter the memory through the sensory store. This has limited capacity and requires attention to be paid to the information in order for it to be transferred to the STM.

Question 47

What is the Short-Term Memory store? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processes

Answer 47

Information is passed to the STM from the sensory store. The STM can hold 7+/- 2 items at a time, for up to 18 seconds (30 seconds with rehearsal).

Question 48

What is the Long - Term Memory store? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processes

Answer 48

When information is rehearsed enough, it moves from the STM to the LTM. This has an unlimited capacity which can be held for an unlimited time.

Question 49

What were Gottman's four horsemen? ## Footnote Relationships - Why relationships end

Answer 49

Criticism - partners verbally attack each other's personality and character. Defensiveness - partners deny all responsibility for conflict and put all the blame on each other. Contempt - attacking sense of self with the intent to abuse and insult. Stonewalling - withdrawing from contact to avoid conflict.

Question 50

What is assimilation? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Schema Theory

Answer 50

To adapt to the new culture and leave the old one behind

Question 51

What does levelling mean? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Schema Theory

Answer 51

This occurs when recalling a story or event, people forget to mention the details they didn't think were important.

Question 52

What does sharpening mean? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Schema Theory

Answer 52

This occurs when people are recalling an event or story, and change the order of elements and add details or emotions.

Question 53

What was the aim of Wedekind's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 53

To investigate the role of the MHC gene in the formation of relationships

Question 54

What was the procedure of Wedekind's study into the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 54

- Males - wore 1 t-shirt for 2 nights, without any scents (deodorant, body wash, no spicy food) - Females - some were on the contraceptive pill and others were ovulating - There were 7 t-shirts divided into 3 boxes: 3 attractive, 3 unattractive, 1 control - The female participants were asked to rate the t-shirts based on which they thought were most attractive

Question 55

What were the results of Wedekind's study into the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 55

- The females who were ovulating were attracted to the male scents with the opposite MHC gene to their own - The females who were taking the contraceptive pill were not attracted to any of the scents

Question 56

Give a brief application of the results of Wedekind's study of the formation of relationships ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 56

- The ovulating females were attracted to the opposite MHC gene as it would allow their offspring to have the strongest immune systems - evolutionary development - The females on the contraceptive pill did not feel an attraction because the pill forces the body to believe that it is already pregnant, and so the female does not feel the want to "mate"

Question 57

What was the aim of Fisher's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 57

To investigate the role of Dopamine in the formation of relationships

Question 58

What was the procedure of Fisher's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 58

- Participants who claimed to have been in love for 7.5 months - P's took a test to check that they were definitely in love - P's were connected to an FMRI and shown photos of the person they were in love with, and a neutral acquaintance

Question 59

What were the results of Fisher's study into the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 59

The photos of the participants' love ones stimulated a larger surface area of the brain being affected by dopamine

Question 60

How can Fisher's study be applied to the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Biological

Answer 60

The dopamine acts as a 'reward' hormone, making the participants want to spend more time with their loved ones.

Question 61

What was the aim of Zaydi and Shuraydi's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Sociocultural

Answer 61

To investigate the impact of acculturative stress on the formation of relationships

Question 62

What was the procedure of Zaydi and Shuraydi's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Sociocultural

Answer 62

- unstructured interviews with Muslim, Pakistani women who were single and aged 16 - 30 years old - asked questions to gague how the women felt about arranged marriages

Question 63

What were the results of Zaydi and Shuraydi's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Sociocultural

Answer 63

- They prefer to choose their own partner, or work with their parents to find a suitable partner - They would prefer to marry for love

Question 64

What was the aim of Dion's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Cognitive

Answer 64

To decipher if physically attractive people are assumed to have more socially desirable qualities

Question 65

What was the procedure of Dion's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Cognitive

Answer 65

- Photos of people were rated by American university students, and rated "attractive" or "unattractive". - Participants were then asked about the level of hapiness these people are more likely to experience in various areas of their lives.

Question 66

What were the results of Dion's study of the formation of relationships? ## Footnote Formation of Relationships - Cognitive

Answer 66

- attractive people were predicted to be successful, happier and have more successful personality traits. - unattractive people were predicted to be better parents.

Question 67

What is Enculturation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 67

A psychological change due to contact with two or more social groups, including changes to one's behaviour.

Question 68

What is Acculturative Stress? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 68

Feeling stress or anxious for to changing culture and being unable to assimilate with either culture.

Question 69

What is Assimilation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 69

Abandoning the old culture to adopt the expectations and characteristics new one.

Question 70

What is integration? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 70

The act of keeping the values and characteristics of both the old and new cultures.

Question 71

What is Marginalisation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 71

The individual is unable to keep the values and characteristics of either culture due to discrimination.

Question 72

What is Separation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 72

The individual keeps the values and expectations of their old culture, and avoids those of their new one.

Question 73

What was the aim of Berry's study of acculturation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 73

To investigate the responses of acculturation when conforming in a group.

Question 74

What is Acculturation? ## Footnote Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Influences

Answer 74

The process of adopting the norms, values and characteristics of a new social group.

Question 75

What is reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Answer 75

The act of remembering is impacted by other cognitive processes.

Question 76

What 4 things can impact reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Answer 76

- Perception - Past experiences - Imagination - Beliefs

Question 77

What was the aim of Bartlett's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 78

What was the procedure of Bartlett's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 79

What were the results of Barttlet's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 80

What was the aim of Loftus & Palmer's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 81

What was the procedure of Loftus & Palmer's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 82

What were the results of Loftus & Palmer's study of reconstructive memory? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Reliability of Cognition

Question 83

What is the Halo effect? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Biases in Thinking

Answer 83

Allowing one trait or overall impression of someone to influence our judgement of their other traits.

Question 84

What was the aim of Dion's study of cognitive bias? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Biases in Thinking

Answer 84

To determine whether physically attractive people (male and female), have more socially desirable traits than unattractive people.

Question 85

What was the procedure of Dion's study of cognitive bias? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Biases in Thinking

Answer 85

- 30 male + 30 female American university students - shown photos of people who were highly, moderately and minimally attractive. - students were asked to rate the photos on a 6-point scale of 27 personality traits.

Question 86

What were the results of Dion's study of cognitive bias? ## Footnote Cognitive Approach - Biases in Thinking

Answer 86

- Attractive people were predicted to be successful, happy and more have more positive traits. - But, they were not predicted to be better parents.