year 13 organic Flashcards
what compound forms optically active isomers on reduction?
ketones
geometrical isomers
double bond
why do racemics form?
equal chance of attacking either side of the C=O double bond (planar)
chain isomerism
isomers caused by branching
mechanism between alcohol and sulphuric acid
elimination
how can different alkenes be formed by elimination?
loss of H+ from carbon either side of C+
double bond either side of carbon
what do optically active isomers do to plane polarised light?
rotate
functional group isomer
molecules with same empirical formula but atoms arranged to make different functional groups
what is the order of oxidation?
alcohol - > aldehyde/ketone -> carboxylic acid
what is the order of reduction?
carboxylic acid -> aldehyde/ketone -> alcohol
oxidising agent?
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (acidified potassium dichromate)
reducing agent?
NaBH4/LiAlH4
why do nucleophiles not attack C=C?
repelled by high electron density
why do carboxylic acids biodegrade?
can be attacked by nucleophiles
weak acids
conditions for reduction of ketone to alcohol
in water with NaBH4
esterification
nucleophilic-addition elimination
warm
strong H2SO4 catalyst
reflux
bonding of carboxylic acids
van der waals
hydrogen bonds
test for acyl chloride
silver nitrate
AgCl precipitate
acid hydrolysis of ester product
carboxylic acid and an alcohol
reaction which occurs during tollens test
redox
chemical name salt
carboxylate salt
why is ethanol a suitable solvent for making soap?
allows KOH and oil to dissolve
chiral centre
means optically active
C*
chiral centre
solve one enantiomer being inactive
remove one enantiomer (expensive), sell as racemate (wasteful), find different way of synthesising
bonding in carbonyls
dipole-dipole
C+=O-
hydrogen bonding
carbonyl solubility in water
high
decreases as chain length increases
name of product when carbonyl reacts with HCN
hydroxy nitrile
alcohol and nitrogen
colour change when alcohols and aldehydes are oxidised
orange to green
mechanism for reduction of aldehyde
nucleophilic addition
one H+ ion and one H- ion
characteristics of esters
fruity smell
volatile (changes quickly)
natural esters
fats and oils
uses of esters
plasticisers
test for esters
NaHCO3
lime water test for CO2
arrows in nucleophilic addition elimination
from nucleophile to delta positive carbon
double bond opens, nucleophile bind to carbon
oxygen negative, double bind reforms, arrow to chlorine (lost in reaction)
nucleophile when ammonia reacts
:NH3-
acyl chloride/acid anhydride + ammonia product
amine + NH4Cl
acyl chloride/acid anhydride + alcohol product
ester
how does the stability of benzene compare to cyclo-1,3,5-triene?
benzene is more stable
less exothermic
2x reagents in nitration of benzene
conc nitric acid
conc sulphuric acid
aldehyde -> alcohol
NaBH4
methanol and water
alcohol to ketone
potassium dichromate
under reflux
heat
alcohol to alkene
conc h2so4 / h3po4
heat
alkene to alcohol
steam
phosphoric acid
60 atm pressure
300 degrees celsius
alcohol to haloalkane
sodium halide
h2so4
20 degrees
haloalkane to alcohol
warm NaOH
water
reflux
haloalkane to alkene
KOH
ethanol
reflux
alkene to alkane
hydrogen
nickel catalyst
150 degrees
where are electrons in benzene
all on same plane
pV = nRT units
pressure = Pa
volume = m3
temp = kelvin
q = mcT units
q = joules
m = mass of water grams
T = celcius/kelvin
H = q/moles units
q = energy released
H = enthalpy change kilojoules
kelvin to celcius no.
273
amino acid structure
primary amines
all chiral apart from glycine
one basic and one acidic property
amino acid zwiterrion
no overall net charge
permanent dipole-dipole
certain pH levels
aka isoelectric point
structure of amino acid in highly acidic conditions
carboxylic acid keeps H ion
NH2 gains hydrogen
include R group
structure of amino acid in highly basic conditions
both loose a proton
acid hydrolysis of amino acids
boil with 6CM-3 Hal for 24 hours
what type of polymerisation do proteins undergo
condensation
(loose small molecule)
how to find structure of amino acid
X-RAY
find atoms + relate structures
structure of enzymes
stereospecific - only one enantiomer
globular has active site
temporary bonds with substrate via IMF
movement of electrons
lower activation energy
chemical formula for cisplatin
Pt (NH3)2(Cl)2
how does cisplatin prevent DNA replication
dative covalent bond with guanine displaces chloride ions on cisplatin
reaction of cisplatin with water
Pt(NH3)2CL2 + H2O -> [Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ + Cl-
