year 12 organic Flashcards
how does co2 cause global warming
C=O bonds absorb infrared radiation
radiation does not leave/transferred to other molecules
effect of catalysts
speed up/slow down reactions
oxidising agent (alcohol, ketone etc)
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
O in both
reducing agent (alcohol, ketone etc)
LiALH4/NaBH4
attracted to delta positive charge of carbon in C=O bond
no O
order of oxidation
alcohol -> ketone/aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
AAC
colour change when oxidised
ORANGE - GREEN
isomerism with differently positioned methyl/ethyl etc groups
chain isomerism
reason why two isomers formed from attack of C=O bond
planar bond
equal chance
name of mechanism for reduction of ketones
nucleophilic addition
reagent for reduction of ketones
NaBH4
test for alkene
bromine water
clear -> orange
shake
test for alcohol
acidified potassium dichromate
water bath 60 degrees celsius
(primary and secondary) orange->green
(tertiary) no reaction
Define stereoisomers
Same molecular and empirical formula
Atoms/bonds arranged differently in space
Reagant for elimination mechanism + condition
Conc H2SO4 or con H3PO4
Hot temp
Thermal cracking
High pressure and high temperature
1000 degrees C
70 atm
Catalytic cracking
Zeolite catalyst
Slight pressure
High temperature
Equation for formation of nitrous oxide in engines
N2 + O2 -> NO
2NO + O2 > 2NO2
What removes nitrous oxide from car engines
Catalytic converters
Equation in catalytc converter
2NO + 2CO -> N2 + 2CO2
Equation for removal of acid rain
CaO + SO2 -> CaSO3
Conditions for elimination of haloalkane
Warm ethanol under reflux
Test for alkenes
Bromine water
Orange -> colourless
What determines ratio of products when alkene reacts with hydrogen halide
Stability of carbocation
least to most stable carbocation
Primary (2x hydrogen bonds)
Secondary
Tertiary (no hydrogen atoms)
Which carbocations are more likely to form
The most stable ones
Tertiary>secondary>primary
How to dehydrate an alcohol
Water elimination
Conc H2SO4
Purify dehydrated alcohols
Distillation
How to hydrate alkene
Acid catalyst
Steam
300 degrees Celsius
Disadvantages of fermentation of glucose
Only at optimum temperature
When solution reaches 15% ethanol the yeast dies
Time and money to distill
Fermentation of glucose advantages
Cheap equipment
Renewable sources
Advantages of hydration of ethene
Pure product
Very fast
Low labour costs
Disadvantage of hydration of ethene
Expensive equipment
Finite reactant- from oil
Ads of biofuel
Renewable resources
Carbon neutral
Disads of biofuel
Takes up space for growing food
Deforestation
Fertilizers pollute ecosystems
Some cars dont work with biofuels
Saturated hydrocarbon
Single bonds only
Reason for cracking
Smaller chain molecules in higher demand
Catalyst in catalytic converters
Rh/Pd/Pt/Ir
Polymers from alkenes
Addition polymers
Benefit of ozone layer
Absorbs harmful UV radiation/light
Why CFC’s not banned after research released
Lack of evidence
Hard to make international agreement
Why does CFC contribute to global warming
Absorbs infrared radiation
Polar bonds
How do CFC atoms form chlorine atoms
C-Cl bonds broken
Decomposition of ozone
O3 + *Cl -> *ClO + O2
*ClO + O3 -> *Cl + 2O2
