Year 12 content Flashcards
what are the three types of research methodologies used in psychology
investigation methodologies, controlled experimental designs and fieldwork
what are the two subdivisions of investigation methologies
psychological studies and other processes and techniques
what are the psychological studies
controlled experiments, case studies and correlational study
what are the other processes and techniques in research methologies
classification and identification, fieldwork, literature review, modelling, product, provess or system development and stimulation
what are the categories of fieldwork
qualitative interviews, questionnaires, focus groups and yarning circles
what is classification
the arrangement of phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets, used to create labels
what is identification
the process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of a new or unique set, used by psychologists to then ascribe phenomena to a particular classification
fieldwork
any research that involves the observation and interaction with people and environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond a labatory, but dirst hand by the researcher
when is fieldwork used
to investigate correlation rather than causation or when it is important that data is collected in a real-world authentic setting
direct observation fieldwork
a researcher watches and listens to the participants of a study, with no direct intervention and involvement or manipulation of variables
qualitiative interview fieldwork
involve a researcher asking questions to gather in-depth information about a particular topic, theme or idea, questions are usually open ended
questionnaires fieldwork
a set or questions or prompts given to participants to answer digitally or with a pen and paper. may be open ended or closed questions. answers are then analysed by researcher
focus groups fieldwork
qualitative reserach method which involves a researcher conducting a discussion with a small group of people on a specific topic. groups are formed on the basis of some shared characteristics relevent to the discussion
yarning circles fieldwork
In ATSIP individuals, this is a traditional approach to group discussion which involves talking , exchanging ideas, reflection and deep, considered listening without judgement, more culturally appropriate when working with ATSIP individuals
how do yarning circles differ from a western focus group
unique in their emphasis on lack of judgement, letting go of percieved notions and key cultural principles. researcher is an active member of the discussion not a neutral facilitator. focus of facilitator is not to obtain knowledge for themselves byt exchange info to produce new knowledge for all members
literature review
the process of collating and analysing secondary data related to other peoples scientific findings and/or viewpoints in order to answer a question or provide background info to help explain observed events, or as preparation for an investigation to generate primary data, helps the reseracher understand the current state of scientific knowledge and progress with regards to a certain topic or phenomenon
when is a literature review used
before conducting a new study and or collecting primary data or when someone begins to research a new topic
modelling
used for understanding, problem solving or stimulating various psychological phenomena, can be psychical or conceptual
product, process or system of development
the design or evaluation of an artefacr, process or system to meet a human need, which may involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures
when is product, process, or system of development used
when a human need has been identifed that can be served by technology or scientific knowledge and procedures
stimulation
the process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system, useful for understanding how different variables operate in a system
when is a stimulation used
when it would be too complex, impractical or dangerous to test the relationship between variables in relaity
advantages of controlled experiments
draw conclusions about specific variables, high control over conditions and variables, repeated to check results, test hypothesis quicker, prevent extraneous and confounding variables
disadvantages of controlled experiments
lab/highly controlled setting may not be reflective of real life, human manipulation of variables may lead to experimenter effects, time consuming/expensive to manipulate, confounding/extraneous variables can still occur
advantages of case studies
provide highly detailed, rich info about a particular phenomena under study, this can also provide new knowledge on other phenomena, can incorporate other scientific methodologies to gain data
disadvantages of case studies
results cannot be generalised to wider population, subject to researcher bias, difficult to draw conclusions about cause and effect, can be time consuming
what are the advantages of a correlational study
no manipulation of variables required, conducted in naturalistic settings, applicable to real world
disadvantages of correlational study
results cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect, subject to extraneous variables
fieldwork advantages
high ecological valifity conducted in a naturalistic environment, rich detailed data, broad range of methodologies, long time period means info can be uncovered that is not immediatley obvious
fieldwork disadvantages
can be time consumimg anf expensive, cant inform conclusions about cause and effect, difficult to replicate, difficult to control extraneous variables
advantages of a literature review
background info that can inform new studies and hypothesis, allows researcher to understand current knowledge, may uncover patterns or gaps of knowledge
disadvantages of a literature review
may be time consuming, may be difficult to do if little research has been done on a topic
advantages of modelling
can provide explanatory tools
disadvantges of modelling
as models are used to simplify and communicate ideas, they may over simplify or inaccuratley represent reality
advantages of product, process or system development
creates products, processes and systems that may meet a human need
product process or system development disadvantges
can be expensive and time consuming
stimulation advantages
provides insight into potential circumstances/events, allows researchers to view micro pehnomena, allows researchers to see events that otherwise might be too time consuming, dangerous or imprcatical in reality
stimulation disadvantages
can be time consuming and expensive, subject to programming and human error so may not be an accurate prediction/reflection of reality
practice effects
participants perform better in later conditions due to having done it before
fatigue effects
participants perform worse in later conditions due to being tired ir bored from completeing a prior task
robust
when the finding can be supported by multiple types of data
sd
how far away data points are from the mean
when is data more certain
when it is objective, quantitative data
personal error
miscalculations or mistakes made by the experimenter
