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Zhang's > Year 11 Term 2 > Flashcards

Year 11 Term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish between temperature and heat

A

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles within a system

Heat is the thermal energy transferred between 2 systems due to a temperature difference

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2
Q

Define temperature

A

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles within a system

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3
Q

Define heat

A

Heat is the thermal energy transferred between 2 systems due to a temperature difference

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4
Q

Convert Kelvin to Celsius

A

T(K) = θ(°C) + 273

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5
Q

Define internal energy

A

Internal Energy is the total amount of kinetic and potential energy contained within a particle; basically the equivalent of mechanical energy

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6
Q

Heat Energy Formula:

A

Q = mcΔT

where:
Q = energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity
T = temperature (K)

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7
Q

Explain why the latent heat of fusion and vapourisation exists

A

The latent heat of fusion and vapourisation is when heat is transfer to the system but the temperature does not rise. This is as the heat energy is needed to change the state of matter

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8
Q

Define Latent Heat of Fusion

A

Latent Heat of Fusion describes the energy required to change state of matter from solid to liquid

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9
Q

Define Latent Heat of Vapourisation

A

Latent Heat of Vaporisation describes the energy required to change state of matter from liquid to gas

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10
Q

Latent Heat Formula:

A

Q = mL

where:
Q = energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
L = specific latent heat

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11
Q

Explain why the radiation from a blackbody is indicative of the internal temperature

A

A blackbody absorbs all radiation, meaning all radiation is from within

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12
Q

Explain the purpose of double brick houses and double glazing

A

It uses the low heat conductivity of air to trap warmth, which is unable to conduct

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12
Q

Define blackbody

A

Blackbodies are a special type of radiation with reference to a theoretical radiator that perfectly absorbs all radiation and re-radiates it

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12
Q

Define conduction

A

Conduction is the transfer of heat by physical contact
The areas of higher temperature will be transferred to the areas of lower temperature due to the collisions of particles

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12
Q

Identify the methods of heat transfer

A

Methods of Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation

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12
Q

Define blackbody radiation curve

A

Blackbody Radiation Curve is one that depicts all the different wavelengths of radiation

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13
Q

True or False. Radiation requires a medium

A

False. As radiation involves the emission of electromagnetic waves, a medium is not required, opposed to conduction and convection

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13
Q

Explain what convection currents are

A

Convection currents are currents formed by the expanding of hot fluids, becoming less dense and rising, forming a loop

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13
Q

Identify the factors on the itensity of radiation

A

A (radiating area) and T^4 (Temperature)

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13
Q

Define radiation

A

Radiation is the transfer of heat through the emission of electromagnetic waves, which carry energy

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13
Q

Rate of energy transfer (conduction):

A

Q/t = (kAΔT)/d

where:
Q = energy (J)
t = time (s)
k = thermal conductivity
A = cross sectional area (ms^2)
T = temperature (K)
d = distance (m)

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13
Q

Define convection

A

Convection is the transfer of heat through the motion of a fluid, such a water or air, where the heated fluid flows away from the source, carrying energy

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14
Q

Identify the importance of the peak of the blackbody radiation curve

A

The peak is the colour of the blackbody

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15
Q

The Coulomb is the SI unit of?

A

Coulomb is the SI unit of electric charge

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16
Q

Value of a Coulomb

A

1 C = 6.25 × 10^18 electrons or protons

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17
Q

Define neutral bodies

A

Neutral Bodies are objects with the same amount of electrons and protons

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18
Q

Define charged bodies

A

Charged Bodies are objects with unequal amount of electrons and protons, where positively charged bodies have a deficiency of electrons and negatively charged bodies have excess electrons

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19
Q

Define electroscope

A

Electroscope is an instrument that detects whether an object is a charged body, but cannot indicate the sign

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20
Q

Process of identifying charge

A

Using an electroscope.

The basic process is: you bring an object near the top of the instrument if the object is charged, the particles of the same sign are repel to the gold leaves which repel between each other

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21
Q

Define conductor

A

Conductor is a material that contains free moving charge carriers

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22
Q

Define insulator

A

Insulator is a material that does not contain free moving charge carriers

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23
Q

Identify the methods of charging

A

Methods of Charging:
- Triboelectric (Friction)
- Conduction
- Induction

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24
Q

Define triboelectric

A

Triboelectric is the process of charging where two bodies made of different materials are rubbed together, transferring electrons

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25
Q

Recall how one identifies which direction the electrons travel in triboelectric

A

The electrons travel to the material with higher electron affinity

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26
Q

Define conduction (charging)

A

Conduction is when a charged conductor is brought into contract with an uncharged conductor, sharing the total charge

27
Q

Define induction

A

Induction is the process of charging through the presence of a charged particle, using electrostatic attraction and repulsion forces

28
Q

Describe Coulomb’s Law

A

Coulomb’s Law describes the force of attraction and repulsion between 2 point-charges

29
Q

Identify the features of electric field lines

A

Features:
- Electric Fields are vectors that travel from positive to negative
- Electric field lines never cross
- The density of electric field lines dictates the magnitude of the electric field
- The tangential direction on field lines represent the direction of force on positive charges at that specific point
- Positive charges experience a force along field lines
- Negative charges experience a force against field lines

30
Q

Electric field and force formula

A

F=qE

31
Q

Define electric potential energy

A

Electric Potential Energy is the work exerted from an electric field on a charged particle

32
Q

Electric potential energy and work formula

A

W=-ΔU

33
Q

Define voltage

A

Voltage, or electric potential, is the change in potential energy per unit charge between 2 points

34
Q

Identify what electric potential is

A

Electric potential is voltage

35
Q

Positive charges move from _ to _ electric potential

A

Positive charges move from high to low electric potential

36
Q

Negative charges move from _ to _ electrical potential

A

Negative charges move from low to high electrical potential

37
Q

Voltage formula

A

V=ΔU/q=-W/q

38
Q

Describe how one can form an uniform electric field

A

An uniform electric field can be formed using 2 horizontal parallel electric field plates, where one is positive and the other is negative

39
Q

Define equipotential lines

A

Equipotential Lines are lines that are intersect the electric field lines at right angles (perpendicular)

40
Q

Relationship of equipotential lines and work

A

Moving a charge along an equipotential line does no work
Work done between 2 equipotential lines is independent of the path taken

41
Q

Define current

A

Electric Current (I) is the rate at which charge (q) flows past a given cross-sectional area with respect to time (t)
I=q/t

42
Q

Define battery

A

Battery is the energy source where chemical energy is converted into electrical energy (voltage difference between terminals) which pushes electrons out of the (-) terminal and towards the (+) terminal.

43
Q

Define real current

A

Real Current is the flow of electrons undergoes resistance which produces energy

44
Q

Define conventional current

A

Conventional Current describes the hypothetical direction of positive charge flow which is opposite to the real current

45
Q

Ohm’s Law:

A

V=IR

46
Q

Define voltmeter

A

Voltmeter is an instrument that measures voltage drop or electric potential difference between 2 points in a circuit; connected in parallel with the section of the circuit
Ideally, a voltmeter should have infinite resistance so no current passes through it

47
Q

Define anmeter

A

Ammeter is an instrument that measures the current flowing through a specific point within the circuit; connected in series within the circuit
Ideally, an ammeter should have zero resistance, so it does not change the overall resistance of the circuit and thereby the current it measures

48
Q

Explain why most resistors are non-ohmic

A

Most resistors are non-ohmic as the collisions between electrons and the metallic lattice as heat is produced (collision theory)

49
Q

Define ohmic resistors

A

Resistors that follow Ohm’s Law

50
Q

Define non-ohmic reisistors

A

Resistors that do not follow Ohm’s Law

51
Q

Define resistance

A

The resistance of a conductor is a result of collisions between the free electrons and the lattice of positive ions; more the collisions, the higher the resistance

52
Q

Factors impacting resistance

A

Factors impacting resistance:
- Length
- Material
- Area of Cross-section
- Temperature

53
Q

Resistance formula

A

R = (plT)/A

54
Q

Define power

A

Power is a resistor’s ability to do work, indicated through the energy produced (heat, light, sound, kinetic energy etc)

55
Q

Power formula

A

P=W/t=(Vq)/t=VI=I^2*R=V^2/R

56
Q

In series circuits…

A

In Series Circuits:
- The current is constant
- Total voltage equals to the sum of the individual voltage drop
- Total resistance equals to the sum of the individual resistances

57
Q

In parallel circuits…

A

In Parallel Circuits:
- Total current equals to the sum of the individual currents
- The voltage is constant
- The inverse of total resistance equals to the sum of the inverse of the individual resistances

58
Q

State Kirchhoff’s First Law

A

Kirchhoff’s First Law (Junction Law) states that the total current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving the junction

59
Q

State Kirchhoff’s Second Law

A

Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Loop Law) states the algebraic sum of the changes in potential encountered in a complete traversal of a closed circuit loop must be zero

60
Q

The magnetic north pole of a magnet is the geographic _ pole

A

The magnetic north pole of a magnet is the geographic south pole

61
Q

The magnetic south pole of a magnet is the geographic _ pole

A

The magnetic south pole of a magnet is the geographic north pole

62
Q

True or False. Magnetic monopoles cannot exist

A

True

63
Q

Define induced mangetism

A

Induced magnetism is a phenomenon when a magnet is brought close to a magnetic material, the object can be temporarily magnetised, extending the magnet

64
Q

Features of Magnetic Field Lines

A

Magnetic Field Lines
- Indicate the direction a magnet’s North pole would point
- Vector Quantity
- Field lines never cross
- Externally, field lines flow from the North pole to the South pole
- Internally, field lines flow from the South pole to the North pole
- Denser Field Lines indicate more strength
- Always form self-closed loops

65
Q

True or False. A moving charge produces its own magnetic field

A

True

66
Q

Purpose of Right Hand Rule

A

Right Hand Rule indicates the current flow and direction of the magnetic field for a positive charge

67
Q

Magnetic fields - X

A

X is into the page

68
Q

Magnetic fields - ⋅

A

⋅ is out of the page

69
Q

Define solenoid

A

Solenoid is an electromagnet composed of coils of wire

70
Q

Recall the denominator for magnetic field from a current carrying wire

A

2πr

71
Q

Recall the denominator for magnetic field from a current carrying loop

A

2r

72
Q

Recall the denominator for magnetic field from a solenoid

A

L

73
Q

Purpose of RIght Hand Palm Rule

A

Right Hand Palm Rule indicates the current flow, direction of the magnetic field for a positive charge, and the resultant force

74
Q

µ unit

A

10^-6

75
Q

n unit

A

10^-9

76
Q

m unit

A

10^-3

Zhang's (4 decks)

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