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Zhang's > Year 11 Term 1 > Flashcards

Year 11 Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define force

A

At its core, force is an interaction between 2 objects; the interactions are push/pull and attraction/repulsion

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2
Q

Identify whether force is scalar or vector quantity

A

Force is a vector quantity

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3
Q

True or False: Force exist in pairs

A

True (action-reaction forces)

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4
Q

Identify the purpose of free-body diagrams

A

Free-body Diagrams is a technique to illustrate the external forces acting on a body

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5
Q

When the net force of an object is zero, the object is in:

A

When the net force of an object is zero, the object is in:
- Static Equilibrium
- Dynamic Equilibrium

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6
Q

Define external forces

A

External Forces are between the system and its surroundings

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7
Q

Define internal forces

A

Internal Forces are between components within the system

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8
Q

True or False: Given that F_net = 0, the components in the x and y-direction = 0

A

True

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9
Q

Recall Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

Newton’s First Law of Motion states a body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.

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10
Q

Recall Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Newton’s Second Law of Motion states the net force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration (F_net=ma)

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11
Q

Recall Newton’s Thrid Law of Motion

A

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states for each action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction

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12
Q

Define weight

A

Weight is the force acting on an object due to acceleration of gravity

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13
Q

Define mass

A

Mass is the amount of particles in an object

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14
Q

Define normal force

A

Normal force (N) is a perpendicular force to the surfaces in contact, hence is a contact force

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15
Q

Weight formula

A

W = mg

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16
Q

Define tension

A

A force along the length of a medium, especially a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or string

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17
Q

Identify whether tension is a scalar or vector quantity

A

Tension is a vector quantity

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18
Q

Tension formula

A

T = mg + ma

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19
Q

Define friction

A

Friction is a force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact

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20
Q

Types of Friction

A

Kinetic friction
- Sliding friction
- Rolling friction

Static friction

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21
Q

Define fluid friction

A

Fluid Friction is the resistance created through motion in a medium of liquid or gas; drag

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22
Q

Kinetic friction formula

A

f_k = μ_k N

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23
Q

Static friction formula

A

f_s ≤ μ_s N

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24
Q

True or False: Friction is proportional to the surface area

A

False: Friction is proportional to the normal force and contact area not surface area as contact area ≠ surface area

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25
Q

Define coefficient of friction

A

The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the friction force and the normal force; μ = Ff /N

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26
Q

Coefficient of static friction formula

A

μ_s = tanθ_c (gradient of the critical angle)

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27
Q

Define terminal velocity

A

Terminal Velocity is the highest velocity of an object due to gravity as the fluid friction = acceleration due to gravity

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28
Q

Define work

A

Work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement

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29
Q

Identify whether work is scalar or vector quantity

A

Work is a scalar quantity

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30
Q

The work-energy theorem states:

A

The work-energy theorem states that the net work done equals the change in energy

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31
Q

Work is equal to the area under what graph

A

Work is equal to the area under a Force-displacement Graph

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32
Q

Recall the shortcut for finding the area under a graph

A

The shortcut is to find the area under the average, which forms a rectangle; easier to solve

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33
Q

Define power

A

Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted (or work) per unit time

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34
Q

Identify whether power is a scalar or vector quantity

A

Power is a scalar quantity

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35
Q

Define gravitational potential energy

A

Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field

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36
Q

Define zero reference point

A

Zero Reference Point is an arbitrary point where we set h = 0 and hence, gravitational potential energy to be zero

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37
Q

Define total mechanical energy (TME)

A

Total Mechanical Energy (TME) is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy

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38
Q

True or False: Total mechanical energy is always conserved

A

False: Total mechanical energy is conserved unless acted upon by nonconservative forces, i.e. friction

39
Q

Explain why if an object took an arbitrary path, only the vertical component is considered

A

If an object travels along some arbitrary path, the gravitational potential energy is only dependent on the vertical distance (h). This is as if one splits the path into the vertical and horizontal components, the horizontal component is discarded as it is perpendicular to the displacement

40
Q

Explain why forces perpendicular to the displacement do not affect the work done

A

Forces perpendicular to the displacement do not affect the work done as the critical angle is 90 and cos(90) = 0

41
Q

Define momentum

A

Momentum is the quantity of motion of a moving body

42
Q

Momentum formula

A

p = mv

43
Q

Identify whether momentum is a scalar or vector quantity

A

Momentum is a vector quantity

44
Q

Impulse formula

A

I = FΔt
I = m(v-u) = Δp

45
Q

Impulse is equal to the area under what graph

A

Impulse is equal to the area under a force-time graph

46
Q

Define elastic collision

A

Elastic Collision is one in which both momentum and kinetic energy is conserved

47
Q

Define inelastic collision

A

Inelastic Collision is one in which only momentum is conserved

48
Q

Define wave

A

A wave is a propagation of disturbances from place to place

49
Q

True or False: The particles in a wave travel from the source to where the wave is

A

False, the particles themselves do not travel

50
Q

Recall the types of waves

A

Mechanical waves
- Longitudinal waves
- Transverse waves

Electromagnetic waves

51
Q

Contrast mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves

A

Mechanical waves require a medium to propagate while electromagnetic waves do not, in fact, a medium slows the wave down

52
Q

Contrast transversal and longitudinal waves

A

For a transverse wave, the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. On the other hand, for a longitudinal wave, the direction of particle oscillation is parallel to the direction of wave motion

53
Q

Define crest

A

Crest is the highest point of a transverse wave or a particle’s maximum displacement upwards

54
Q

Define trough

A

Trough is the lowest point of a transverse wave or a particle’s maximum displacement downwards

55
Q

Define wavelength

A

Wavelength (λ) is the distance between the identical points on a wave

56
Q

Define amplitude

A

Amplitude (a) is the distance from the equilibrium position to either the crest or trough

57
Q

Define equilibrium position

A

Equilibrium Position is the middle point of the wave

58
Q

Define period

A

Period (T) is the time it takes for one complete wavelength to pass a fixed point

59
Q

Define frequency

A

Frequency (f) is the number of vibrations per second performed by the source of the waves

60
Q

True or False: Frequency is proportional to the period

A

False: Frequency is inversely proportional to the period; f = 1/T

61
Q

Define compression

A

Compression is the areas of increased pressure

62
Q

Define rarefaction

A

Rarefaction is the areas of decreased pressure

63
Q

Identify what can be used to graph waves

A

Graphing Waves:
- Displacement-distance graphs
- Displacement-time graphs

64
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

I = P/4πr^2

65
Q

Alternate intensity formula

A

Alternate formula: I = K/d^2 where K is a constant
K = I_1 (d_1)^2 = I_2 (d_2)^2

66
Q

Define reflection

A

Reflection is a phenomenon where a wavefront changes direction at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated

67
Q

Define diffraction

A

Diffraction is a phenomenon where a wave diverges as it passes through an aperture or around objects; only occurs when the wavelength and the length of the slit is similar

68
Q

Define resonance

A

Resonance is a phenomenon in which the particles in a wave vibrating at a certain frequency can cause other surfaces to vibrate at the same frequency upon contact

69
Q

Define superposition

A

Superposition is a phenomenon when waves occupy the same space at the same time, causing the waves to combine

70
Q

Define standing waves

A

Standing Waves are a combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency

71
Q

Recall the term for the lowest frequency of a standing wave

A

First harmonic

72
Q

Define first harmonic

A

First Harmonic (fundamental frequency) is a standing wave with the lowest possible frequency

73
Q

Define node

A

Node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude

74
Q

Define antinode

A

Antinode is a point along a standing wave that alternates between the crest and trough

75
Q

Wavelength formula for open both ends

A

λ = 2L/n where n is the n-th harmonic

76
Q

Wavelength formula for open one end

A

λ = 4L/2n-1 where n is the n-th harmonic

77
Q

Explain why the even harmonics are skipped for when there is one end open?

A

The even harmonics are skipped as the 2nd harmonic is 3 times the first harmonic, hence it is the third harmonic and this pattern continues

78
Q

Given that the doppler effect is:
f’ = f(v ± v_o/v ± v_s)
Identify each component

A

f ’ is the observed frequency
f is the actual frequency
v is the velocity of the sound waves
v_o is the velocity of the observer
v_s is the velocity of the source

79
Q

Recall The Law of Reflection

A

The Law of Reflection states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence where the angle is measured relative to the normal

80
Q

Define refraction

A

Refraction is the changing of a light ray’s direction when it passes through variations in matter

81
Q

Index of Refraction formula

A

Index of Refraction is n = c/v where c is the speed of light and v is the speed of light in the medium

82
Q

Explain why the index of refraction is ≥ 1

A

As the formula is c/v and light travels slower in denser mediums, c > v and hence the index of refraction is ≥ 1

83
Q

Snell’s Law formula

A

Snell’s Law (Law of Refraction) states n_1 sinθ_1 =n_2 sinθ_2 where n’s are the refractive index and θ’s are relative to the normal

84
Q

Define critical angle

A

The critical angle (θ_c) is when the incident angle (θ_1) produces an angle of refraction of 90°

85
Q

Define Total Internal Reflection

A

Total Internal Reflection is if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, then all the light is reflected back into the original medium

86
Q

Define dispersion

A

Dispersion is the spreading of white light into the visible spectrum of wavelengths in the order - [ROY-G-BIV]

87
Q

Define focal point

A

Focal Point (F) is the point at which the light rays intersect

88
Q

Define focal length

A

Focal Length (f) is the distance from the centre of the lens to the focal point

89
Q

True or False: A ray that passes through the centre of a lens does not change direction

A

True

90
Q

Define principal axis

A

Principal Axis goes through the centre of the lens/mirror surface and is perpendicular to said surface

91
Q

Identify which lens converge and which diverge

A

Concave Lens diverge and Convex Lens converge

92
Q

Identify which mirrors converge and which diverge

A

Concave Mirrors converge and Convex Mirrors diverge

93
Q

Identify how one could describe an image

A

Descriptions of an Image Formed:
- Real or Virtual
- Magnified or diminished
- Upright or Inverted

94
Q

Identify a basic method to draw rays

A

Always draw from the top of the object:
- Draw a ray parallel to the principal axis
- Draw a ray at the centre
- Draw a ray at the focal point

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