Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Year 10 Chapters 8 - 11 > Flashcards

Year 10 Chapters 8 - 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis ?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + (using light) = glucose + oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is light absorbed by a leaf? What is light used for in photosynthesis?

A
  • The light is transferred to the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts as energy to feed the reaction.
  • The energy is used to combine the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to create glucose (C6H12O6).
  • As only the oxygen from the water is used O2 is left as a product
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis and why?

A

It is endothermic as it requires energy from the surroundings for the reaction to take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + (using light) = C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some adaptations of the leaf?

A
  • They are broad to increase the amount of light gained
  • They are thin to have a maximised rate of diffusion
  • They have air spaces which allow co2 to diffuse in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What effects the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light : more energy = faster moving particles = faster rate of reaction
  • Temperature : more energy = faster rate of reaction. However, photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes and so too high of a temperature (40-50°C) will denature the enzymes.
  • Carbon dioxide : in a natural environment this is the limiting factor as there is usually an abundance of co2 compared to light and water needed for the reaction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration ?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (energy transferred to surrounding cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

A
  • Endothermic : it transfers usable energy to your surrounding cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O (energy transferred to surrounding cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What changes in the body during exercise ?

A
  • Heart rate increases to pump blood around the body faster in order to get oxygen to your cells/organs faster to increase respiration and provide you with more energy.
  • Glycogen stores in the liver are converted into glucose to travel to the cells/organs to increase respiration and provide you with more energy.
  • Breathing rate increases to increase oxygen intake so that the alveoli can diffuse oxygen into the blood and get oxygen to your cells/organs faster to increase respiration and provide you with more energy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When glucose is incompletely broken down without oxygen to form lactic acid. It transfers less energy than aerobic respiration. After exercise oxygen is still needed to break up the lactic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = lactic acid (energy transferred to the surroundings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the liver ?

A
  • Blood can transport lactic acid from the muscles to the liver where it is converted to glucose
  • To store glucose as glycogen when blood glucose levels are too high. When blood glucose levels are too low the liver will convert these stores back to glucose to raise the levels.
  • The liver can also detoxify poisonous substances e.g. removal of ethanol from alcoholic drinks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maximise the effectiveness of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of homeostatic systems within the body?

A
  • Regulation of blood glucose levels
  • Regulation of internal body temperature to allow for maximised enzyme action
  • Regulation of water levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the order of the reflex action?

A
  • Stimulus (e.g: hot plate)
  • Receptor (in the skin) detects the stimulus on contact and sends an electrical impulse
  • Sensory neuron carries electrical impulse to the CNS
  • CNS (spinal cord) coordinates a response and sends an electrical impulse
  • Relay neuron
  • Motor neuron carries electrical impulse to the effector
  • Effector carries out the response
17
Q

What are the differences between reflex actions and conscious actions?

A
  • Reflex actions occur a lot faster
  • The electrical impulses do not travel to the brain they travel to the spinal cord
  • You do not think about reflex actions (unconscious decision)
  • In a reflex action it includes a relay neuron, in a conscious action it does not
18
Q

Give some examples of reflex arc actions…

A
  • Breathing
  • Digestion
  • Quick movements away from something that may injure you (touching a hot plate)
19
Q

What are the key endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary glands
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
20
Q

What is the endocrine system ?

A

A group composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones that have effects that are slower by longer lasting.

21
Q

What happens to the body with type 1 diabetes ?

A
  • The blood glucose levels rise to high levels as the body does not secrete enough insulin
  • Type 1 is inherited (POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP TYPE 1 IN LATER LIFE, EWAN)
22
Q

What happens to the body with type 2 diabetes?

A
  • The body stops responding to its own insulin

- Type 2 is not inherited but is gained over time with a poor diet and poor exercise

23
Q

What does the pancreas produce when blood glucose levels are too high ?

A

It produces insulin. Insulin travels to the liver to begin conversion of glucose (soluble) into glycogen (insoluble) to store it and decrease blood glucose levels. It also travels to the cells to tell them to take in excess glucose to decrease blood glucose levels.

24
Q

What does the pancreas produce when blood glucose levels are too low ?

A

It produces glucagon which goes to the liver to begin the conversion of glycogen to glucose to in crease glucose levels in the blood.

25
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

A
  • Insulin injections before meals or when the glucose levels get too high
26
Q

How is Type 2 treated?

A
  • Controlled diet
  • More exercise
  • Losing weight (Type 2 is often linked with obesity)
  • Or insulin injections whilst your body is still unresponsive to insulin whilst you loose weight etc.
27
Q

What negative feedback ?

A
  • When the normal levels of a substance rises
  • The receptors detect a change
  • A response changes the levels accordingly to put it back to normal levels
28
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A
  • It stimulates the base metabolic rate
  • It plays a significant role in growth and development .
  • It is produced in the thyroid
29
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A
  • It is produced in the adrenal glands
  • It increases the heart rate and the delivery of oxygen
  • It prepares the body for “fight or flight”
30
Q

What is the difference between thyroxine and adrenaline ?

A
  • Thyroxine is controlled by negative feedback whereas adrenaline is not.

Also thyroxine is produced in the thyroid, controls metabolism and growth/development whilst adrenaline is produced in the adrenal glands, plays no role in growth/development or control of metabolism. Instead, adrenaline prepares your fight or flight reaction which will control heart rate, breathing etc to increase respiration and therefore energy levels for the upcoming fight or run.

31
Q

What is the order of the hormones in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) F
  • Oestrogen O
  • LH (luteinising hormone) L
  • Progesterone P
32
Q

What is FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?

A
  • It is produced in the pituitary gland

- It causes an egg to mature

33
Q

What is oestrogen?

A
  • It is produced in the ovaries
  • It is produced in response to FSH
  • It stimulates the lining of the uterus to begin growth again
34
Q

What is LH (Luteinising Hormone)?

A
  • It is produced in the pituitary gland

- It stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries

35
Q

What is progesterone?

A
  • It is produced in the ovaries

- It maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle

36
Q

What is Ewan’s dumb way to remember where the 4 hormones of menstrual cycle are produced ?

A

POPO :

  • Pituitary gland : (FSH) P
  • Ovaries : (oestrogen) O
  • Pituitary gland : (LH) P
  • Ovaries : (progesterone) O

I know right that this is made up, I don’t care, if it is a problem study someone else’s flash cards. 😎

Or you could think that all the ones that are abbreviated (FSH and LH) are made in your brain because you need to think about what they stand for…😎+ ME + 🔪+🗡+⚔️+⚒+⛏+✂️+💉 = ☠️E☠️W☠️A☠️N☠️

37
Q

How does IVF work?

A
  • FSH and LH injections are given to the woman to stimulate ovulation (if they have low FSH levels)
  • The eggs produced are then collected, fertilised in a test tube, and then placed back into the uterus
38
Q

What are the problems of IVF?

A
  • It is often unsuccessful
  • It is expensive
  • It can lead to risky multiple births
  • Some religious and non religious people believe it to be unethical. (Christians mainly because of mixing sperm and egg outside of the uterus as well as the fact that to get the male sperm the male had to have masturbated).

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions