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Biology > Year 10 Chapters 4-7 > Flashcards

Year 10 Chapters 4-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What adaptions do red blood cells have?

A
  • They are concave (3d oval with a dip) to allow for an increased surface area to volume ratio: meaning that they can absorb oxygen through diffusion faster.
  • They have no nucleus which makes more space for haemoglobin
  • They contain haemoglobin to bind with oxygen
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2
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Phagocytes

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3
Q

What to lymphocytes do?

A
  • They form antibodies to fight against harmful microorganisms
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4
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A
  • They engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses
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5
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • They are small fragments of cells
  • They help the blood clot to protect the body from microorganisms
  • By clotting it will prevent bacteria from entering the wound and protects the skin as it grows
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6
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A red pigment in red blood cells that binds to oxygen

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7
Q

What are arteries?

A
  • A blood vessel that carries blood away from your heart to the organs of your body.
  • They have thick wall to transport blood at a high pressure
  • If an artery is punctured it is dangerous as it will spurt blood a tighter pressure
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8
Q

What are veins?

A
  • Blood vessels that carry blood towards your heart from your - organs.
  • They have thinner walls than arteries so they have a lower pressure
  • They have valves that open one way to prevent the back flow of blood
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9
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • They link the arteries and the veins
  • They are very narrow and have thin walls, this enables oxygen and glucose to diffuse easily out of your blood and into your cells.
  • Carbon dioxide can also diffuse easily into the capillaries
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10
Q

Factors of a double circulatory system?

A
  • One system transports blood from your heart to your lungs and back again in order to get oxygen into the blood through the alveoli.
  • The other system transports blood from the heart to the organs and back again in order to get oxygen to your cells/organs for respiration.
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11
Q

Why may someone with coronary heart disease need a stent?

A
  • In coronary heart disease the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow
  • This slows the transport of blood to the heart meaning that less oxygen in given to the heart muscle
  • This can result in a heart attack or even death
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12
Q

What is a stent? How does it help?

A
  • A stent is used to open up an artery to allow for increased blood flow
  • It is a wire mesh around a balloon, when it is inserted into the artery the balloon is inflated making the metal mesh open up the artery. Later the balloon is taken out and the mesh remains holding the artery open
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13
Q

How does coronary desease relate to the need of a stent?

A

In this desease the blood flow in the arteries leading to the heart becomes narrow, this means that fatty materials can build up on the side of the artery making it thinner slowing the blood flow. This can lead to heart attacks as the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen.

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14
Q

What are statins?

A

They are prescribed to anyone with a cardiovascular illness and reduce cholesterol levels which reduce the amount of fatty materials in the blood so that less builds up in the arteries slowing the process of these arteries becoming blocked and slowed.

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15
Q

Name some valve operations to help the heart…

A
  • Faulty valves in the heart can be replaced by mechanical or biological ones. Mechanical valves require medication every day to prevent clotting and biological ones require no medication but must be replaced every 12-15 years.
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16
Q

Are there any other operations to help the heart?

A
  • Artificial pacemakers can be given to replace faulty natural ones
  • Heart transplants can take place but there is a long waiting list. Recently patients wait using artificial hearts until they receive a donor
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17
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli?

A

The have a larger surface area to volume ratio so that maximum gas exchange takes place as efficient as possible

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18
Q

What do xylem cells do?

A
  • They carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
  • It has a structure of continuous cells
  • Transpiration
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19
Q

What do phloem cells do?

A
  • It carries glucose made from photosynthesis in the leaves to the rest of the plant for food
  • Its structure has stacked cells on top of each other
  • Translocation
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20
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the surface of the leaves as evaporation

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21
Q

What does the stomata and guard cells do?

A
  • Water is lost through the stomata
  • The stomata open to let carbon dioxide in
  • Stomata and guard cells control gas exchange and water loss within the plant
22
Q

Name some factors that effect the rate of transpiration…

A
  • Anything that increases the rate of photosynthesis increases the rate of transpiration - as the stomata need to open more to allow for increased absorption of CO2
  • Increased temperature makes the particles move faster and evaporation occur quicker
  • Weather : hot and windy weather will increase transpiration as dry air will make water diffuse faster as their is a steeper concentration gradient in dry air than wet air.
23
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A
  • They are diseases that can be spread to one another through various factors, either by touch, air or bodily fluids.
  • They are caused by pathogens
24
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A
  • They cannot be spread
  • They are usually problems that occur from birth or developed over time
  • They are not caused by pathogens
25
Q

What forms do pathogens come in?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protists
26
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A
  • By air : droplets in the air can be inhaled and the pathogen can enter your bloodstream.
  • By touch : common in plants where a leftover dead plant in a field can infect new crops through touch.
  • By water : some fungi can have spores which spread diseases. For humans this type is most common when eating uncooked food
27
Q

Why can’t a plant have a vaccination?

A

Because they don’t have an immune system

28
Q

Give an example of a viral disease. How is it spread? What are its effects?

A

Measles : spread by water droplets in sneezes and coughs, it is easily spread. It can cause blindness and brain damage. There is no treatment for it so when someone is infected they must be isolated to stop the spread.

29
Q

Give an example of a bacterial disease. How is it spread? What are its effects?

A

Salmonela : it is contained in the gut and eggs of many different animals. It is usually caused when eating undercooked meat or eggs. It can cause vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach pains due to the substances that the bacterias secrete. In young and elderly people it can be fatal due to dehydration and malnutrition.

30
Q

Give an example of a protist disease. How is it spread? What are its effects?

A

Malaria : caused by protists which are parasites that feed and live off living things. Mosquitos act as efficient vectors. Malaria cause constant shaking and fevers when the parasites burst out of the blood cells, this can eventually lead to death.

31
Q

How does the skin help prevent disease?

A
  • It acts as a barrier preventing the pathogens from reaching the tissues beneath
  • If you get a cut platelets create a blood clot to prevent pathogens from entering the body
32
Q

What defence does the respiratory and digestive system have against pathogens?

A
  • Your nose has hairs and mucus
  • The trachea and bronchus secrete a mucus to trap pathogens
  • The stomach produces an acid that kills certain pathogens
33
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A
  • A small amount of a dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the bloodstream
  • Lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight it
  • Once the lymphocytes kill the bacteria they remain in the bacteria as memory lymphocytes
34
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a pathogens spread is limited because most of the population is immune to it (e.g. they have had a vaccination).

35
Q

What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?

A

Painkillers treat the effects of the pathogen whereas antibiotics kill the pathogens.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of antibiotics?

A
  • They cannot kill viral diseases
  • Bacteria infections are evolving to become immune to overused antibiotics, this means that they no longer effect the pathogen and cannot treat the disease.
  • The more a certain type of antibiotics is used over time bacteria’s will become immune to it and other types will have to be used.
37
Q

What are the stages that a drug must pass before being put onto the open market?

A
  • The drug is tested in a lab
  • The drug is tested on animals in preclinical trials
  • The drug proceeds to clinical trials on humans
  • The drug is then prescribed to doctors and patients
38
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When a patient feels better because they think that the drug is making them feel better rather than the drug actually making them feel better.

39
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A
  • When neither the doctor or the patient know who has received the real drugs so that the placebo effect does not happen
  • Certain patients are given a placebo (a fake drug that contains nothing)
40
Q

What is a risk factor and examples?

A

The risk of getting a disease, it can be inherited from birth or from diseases you catch throughout your life. Risk factors also include:

  • Aspects of your lifestyle e.g. smoking
  • Substances that are present in the environment e.g. UV light from the sun
41
Q

What is a correlation in diseases?

A

When two factors correlate to show that they influence each other but it cannot be explained why.

42
Q

What is casual mechanism?

A

When two factors are proven to be linked through a biological process. It explains how one factor leads to another demonstrated within a biological process.

43
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A tumour forms when control of the cell cycle is lost and cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way. Tumours do not respond to normal mechanisms that control the cell cycle and divide rapidly causing a ‘lump’.

44
Q

What is benign tumour?

A

Benign rumours are growths of abnormal cells contained in one place, they do not invade other parts of the body. However, it can grow very large very quickly and if pressed against an organ it can be life threatening.

45
Q

What is malignant tumour?

A

It is a tumour that will spread around the body, invading neighbouring tissues. The initial tumour will release clumps of cells into the bloodstream to spread elsewhere. They circulate the body and lodge into another organ where they will divide uncontrollably

46
Q

What type of tumour is cancer?

A

Malignant

47
Q

What are the two main ways of treating cancer at the moment?

A
  • Radiotherapy

- Chemotherapy

48
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

When cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. This prevents mitosis but can also damage healthy cells in the area.

49
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them ‘self destruct’. There are many different types.

50
Q

What are some of the problems associated with smoking?

A
  • After a ‘smoke’ 10% of the blood contains carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. This can cause the smoker to become breathless.
  • Smoking during pregnancy can cause serious damage as the baby doesn’t receive enough oxygen due to 10% of the bloodstream containing carbon monoxide.
  • Build up of tar in the lungs can lead to lung cancer.
51
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A
  • Slows down neural impulses to the brain causing slow reaction times.
  • Inhibitors stop working causing recklessness as your brain does not think about the danger or the negatives of performing a certain action.
  • It can damage the liver and cause liver cancer
  • It can cause brain damage and even death
  • Alcohol can damage the development of an unborn baby

Biology (7 decks)

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