Y9 Physics Flashcards
Gravitational potential energy
(EP) the energy of position or place.
Eg a rock resting at the top of the hill has a gravitational potential energy
Nuclear energy
(En) energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, holding the nucleus together
Chemical potential energy
(Ecp) energy stored in the bonds of atoms & molecules
Electrical potential energy
(Ee) energy transferred in electrical circuits
Elastic potential energy
(Eep) the energy stored in springs and elastic objects by the application of force
Kinetic energy
(Ek) the energy of motion
Law of conservation of energy
Energy can only be transformed or transferred, not created or destroyed
Law of electrostatic attraction
Objects oppositely charged feel an attractive force towards each other, conversely, those with the same charge will feel repelled from each other
Elementary charge
The size of charge for (a) single electron or proton
Charge separation
The imbalance of charges between 2 locations > static electricity
Potential difference
The energy(per unit charge) transformed by a load
> measured in volts
Transformed * used by an appliance
Atom
The basic unit of matter
> retains characteristics during chemical reactions
EMF
Energy per unit charge provided to a circuit by a power source
> measured in Volts (v)
EMF > Electromagnetic Field
Load
Any part of an electrical circuit transforming electrical potential energy into another type of energy
Resistor
An object resisting the flow of electrons
Conductor
A material with free electrons
> allowing electrons to flow through it
Insulator
A material without free electrons
> typically doesn’t allow charge to flow through it
Electrical resistance
Opposition to electron flow provided by a material.
Measured in Ohms
Power
The amount of energy transformed by a load every second
Measured in watts (W)
Ion
A particle with a positive or negative charge - not neutral
> with an imbalance in protons to electrons
Electric current
The flow of charges (electrons)
> measured in Amps (A)
Energy
The ability to do work (stuff)
> measured in Joules (J)
Sound energy
(Es) the vibrational movement of particles that travel in waves through gases, liquids, and solids
Thermal energy
(Q) the internal energy of substances, flowing from one location to another due to temperature
Light energy
(El) the electromagnetic energy that travels via waves
Free electron
An electron not tightly held by its nucleus
Watt = ? / second
Joules
Elements of an energy story
Ecp (power station) Ecp refers to energy at power station
Ee (wires) refers to energy through wires
Gradient in Current / Voltage
Resistance
Moving charge refers to
Current through circuits
3 ways charge imbalance can be restored
Good
Ants
Eat
Grounding
Air
Electrostatic
9 types of energy
5 Potential
Good
Cucumbers
Never
Enter
Excited
- Gravitational
- Chemical
- Nuclear
- Elastic
- Electrical
Directions of charged particles
[Negative] [Negative]
Repel
<- [Negative] [Negative] ->
4 factors affecting resistance
Leopards
Will
Make
Tea
Length
Width
Material
Temperature
The relationship between the resistance of an object and its current through
As resistance increases, current decreases
The relationship between EMF across an object & its current
As EMF (Voltage) increases, Current increases
The relationship between Current, Resistance, and Voltage
Ohm’s Law
V = IR
V (Voltage) = I (Current) R (Resistance)
How to distinguish between V to I graphs with Ohmic vs Non-Ohmic resistors
Ohmic
Linear
= Fixed Resistance
Non-Ohmic
Non-linear
= Non-fixed Resistance
Formula to find Power, Current, or Voltage
P = I x V
Power = Current x Voltage
TRUE or FALSE
Neutral atoms have different amounts of Protons (+) and Electrons (-)
False
They have equal amounts
Formula to find Power, Energy, or Time
P = E / T
Power = Energy / Time
TRUE OR FALSE
Atoms can lose or gain Electrons becoming Neutral particles
False
They become charged particles or Ions
A neutral particle that Loses an Electron becomes
Positive
TRUE or FALSE
When losing or gaining electrons, the protons never move
True
A Neutral particle that GAINS an Electron becomes
Negative
TRUE or FALSE
Like charges attract and
Unlike charges repel
False
Like charges Repel and
Unlike charges Attract
1 Volt = ? Watts
1000 Watts
4 factors affecting resistance in a wire
> + relationships of factors to resistance
- Length - Longer wire = More Resistance
- Width - Greater width = Lower Resistance
- Material - Different materials = Different Resistance
- Temperature - Higher Temp = Higher Resistance
3 ways charge imbalance can be restored
+ what they mean
- Grounding of the object - allowing excess electrons to flow to, or from, the earth
- Air - leaving an object untouched, causing it to gradually lose/gain electrons through air’s molecules
- Electrostatic - an oppositely charged object is brought near, therefore allowing electrons to jump & neutralise
9 types of Energy
4 Non-Potential?
Kids
Start
The
Laughter
Kinetic
Sound
Thermal
Light
Direction of charged particles;
+ [Positive] [Negative] -
Attracted
+ [Positive] -> <- [Negative] -
9 types of energy
5 Potential
4 Non-Potential (moving)
Potential
1. Gravitational
2. Chemical
3. Nuclear
4. Elastic
5. Electrical
Non-Potential
1. Kinetic
2. Sound
3. Heat (thermal)
4. Light
Which way will current travel for this battery?
+ — | | | |— -
Down, to the negative shorter side
(as it is repelled from the negative, attracted to the positive side)
