Y9 Biology Flashcards
2nd line of defence
An innate immune system targeting pathogens equally in general ways creating inflammation
Prevention
An action inhibiting the introduction of disease into an area, population, or individual
Herd immunity
When 80-95% of people in a community are vaccinated, slowing or stopping the spread of a disease
Disease
An abnormal condition of an organism, caused by a pathogen, interrupting bodily functions
Ecosystem
A community of different organisms’ physical environment and the interaction between them
Environment
All basic non-biotic factors affecting survival of organisms
Habitat
The living place of an organism
Ammonification
The production of ammonia from proteins in dead organisms and urine
Nitrogen fixation
Conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds
Respiration word equation
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Letter equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Photosynthesis word equation
Carbon dioxide + light energy + water -> glucose + oxygen
Letter equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Denitrification
Conversion of soil nitrates into nitrogen gas
Nitrification
Conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then nitrates
Adaptation
A feature that enhances an organisms chance of survival
Example of fungi disease
Ring worm
Valley fever
Example of virus disease
Ebola
Covid-19
Chickenpox
Dengue fever
HIV/ AIDS
Japanese encephalitis
Example of Protozoa disease
Malaria
Giardia
Epidemic
The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community, country or region
Pandemic
An epidemic of a disease that has spread across a large region (multiple continents or worldwide)
1st line of defence + examples
An innate immune system preventing pathogens from entering the body
The skin
Eyes
Nose & lungs
Stomach
Symptom
A manifestation of a disease felt or experienced by the host
Sign
A manifestation of a disease that can be detected or measured by another individual
Treatment
the use of an agent or procedure in an attempt to cure or mitigate a disease condition
Phagocytosis
The process in which a phagocyte surrounds & digests a pathogen
3rd line of defence
The specific adaptive immune system differentiating between different pathogens
Pathogen
An organism causing disease to its host
Decomposers
Organisms that break down energy rich molecules (like glucose) in dead organisms into simple molecules helping to recycle matter
Parasitism
One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other is negatively impacted
Commensalism
One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other neither gains or loses everything
Mutualism
Two organisms which both gain from their symbiotic relationship
Symbiosis
The relationship between multiple organisms living in close proximity
Community
Different populations of species living in the same area
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same proximity
B lymphocytes (B cells)
The white blood cells producing antibodies for targeting pathogens in the 3rd line of defence
Antibody
A type of protein that can bind to a specific pathogen’s antigens
Example of bacteria disease
Salmonella
Tuberculosis
Tetanus
Plague
Strep throat
Whooping cough
Meningitis
Consumers
Animals that get their energy from the food they consume
Producer
Plants or other organisms which take nutrients from the sun
Four processes in the carbon cycle
- Photosynthesis
- Consumption & assimilation
- Respiration & decomposition
- Combustion
For malaria: major signs and symptoms
High fever, headache, nausea, shivering fits, sweating
For malaria: 5 example methods of prevention/ control
Insecticides
Draining standing water
Antimalarial drugs & vaccination
Bed netting
Protective clothing
For malaria:
1. Organism that acts as a host to the pathogen
2. Method of transmission
- Humans, and mosquitoes
- Female mosquito bites of a particular species (feeding on blood)
For malaria:
Genus of the pathogen
Plasmodium
4 processes of nitrogen cycle
- Ammonification
- Nitrogen fixation
- Nitrification
- Denitrification
Food chain general format
Producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer
3 types of symbiotic relationship
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
4 biotic factors
Feeding relationships
Competition
Disease
Symbiotic relationships
4 abiotic factors
Water
Temperature
Atmosphere
Light
Give 3 public health measures that affect disease incidence
Examples:
Quarantine/ social isolation
Good hygiene
Sanitation facilities
Bed nets
Face masks
Avoiding travel
(3) strategies to control the spread of infectious disease
-Public health measures
-Immunity (eg. herd immunity via vaccination)
-Medicines
6 modes of disease transmission
6 modes
Airborne
Direct contact
Water borne
Foodborne
Sexually transmitted
Vector-borne
5 major groups of pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Multicellular parasites
Why are developing countries more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics
(4 reasons)
Overcrowding
Malnutrition
Cultural attitudes & practices
Inadequate public health systems
Contrast bacteria vs viruses
Viruses:
Can only replicate inside cells of other organisms
Are not affected by antibiotic medicines
Are smaller
Bacteria:
Can replicate on their own
Are usually affected by antibiotic medicines
Are larger
Both are:
Type of microbe + pathogen
Able to cause infections
Contrast infectious and non-infectious diseases
Infectious:
-Caused by pathogens
-Can be passed between individuals
Non-infectious:
-Not caused by pathogens
-Caused by inherited, nutritional, or environmental conditions
How the second line of defence fights a pathogen entered the body (3 points)
3 POINTS 🫶
- Damaged infected tissue releases chemical signs
- Blood vessels expand & plasma carries macrophages to inflammation
- Macrophages engulf & destroy pathogen by ingesting it > this is called phagocytosis
Process of third line of defence (5 points)
- Pathogen enters & 3rd line of defence tries to identify
- B cells look for pathogens in bloodstream
- B cells produce specific antibodies for antigens of pathogens, destroying
- Memory cells are created
- If same infection occurs, memory cells ensure antibodies are created quickly
How do vaccines work?
- Vaccines hold weakened or dead pathogens
> this triggers the body to produce B cells
> and memory cells which stay in the body to
> fight the same pathogen in future
causes of non-infectious diseases
inherited,
nutritional,
environmental conditions
Contrast second and third lines of defence
Second line
- non specific
- doesn’t involve antibodies
Third line
- specific
- involves antibodies
greenhouse gases
-Methane
-Nitrous oxide
-Carbon dioxide
Biological control
Eliminating a population of invasive species by introducing a predator, competitor, or pathogen
biomagnification
-increase in concentration of a pollutant along tropic level (increasing as moving up food chain)
bioaccumulation
-gradual build up of pollutants through lifetime of individual organism
