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Yr 9 Science > Y9 Biology > Flashcards

Y9 Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2nd line of defence

A

An innate immune system targeting pathogens equally in general ways creating inflammation

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2
Q

Prevention

A

An action inhibiting the introduction of disease into an area, population, or individual

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3
Q

Herd immunity

A

When 80-95% of people in a community are vaccinated, slowing or stopping the spread of a disease

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4
Q

Disease

A

An abnormal condition of an organism, caused by a pathogen, interrupting bodily functions

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of different organisms’ physical environment and the interaction between them

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6
Q

Environment

A

All basic non-biotic factors affecting survival of organisms

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7
Q

Habitat

A

The living place of an organism

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8
Q

Ammonification

A

The production of ammonia from proteins in dead organisms and urine

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9
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds

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10
Q

Respiration word equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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11
Q

Letter equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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12
Q

Photosynthesis word equation

A

Carbon dioxide + light energy + water -> glucose + oxygen

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13
Q

Letter equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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14
Q

Denitrification

A

Conversion of soil nitrates into nitrogen gas

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15
Q

Nitrification

A

Conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then nitrates

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature that enhances an organisms chance of survival

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17
Q

Example of fungi disease

A

Ring worm
Valley fever

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18
Q

Example of virus disease

A

Ebola
Covid-19
Chickenpox
Dengue fever
HIV/ AIDS
Japanese encephalitis

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19
Q

Example of Protozoa disease

A

Malaria
Giardia

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20
Q

Epidemic

A

The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community, country or region

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21
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic of a disease that has spread across a large region (multiple continents or worldwide)

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22
Q

1st line of defence + examples

A

An innate immune system preventing pathogens from entering the body
The skin
Eyes
Nose & lungs
Stomach

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23
Q

Symptom

A

A manifestation of a disease felt or experienced by the host

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24
Q

Sign

A

A manifestation of a disease that can be detected or measured by another individual

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25
Q

Treatment

A

the use of an agent or procedure in an attempt to cure or mitigate a disease condition

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26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process in which a phagocyte surrounds & digests a pathogen

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27
Q

3rd line of defence

A

The specific adaptive immune system differentiating between different pathogens

28
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism causing disease to its host

29
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down energy rich molecules (like glucose) in dead organisms into simple molecules helping to recycle matter

30
Q

Parasitism

A

One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other is negatively impacted

31
Q

Commensalism

A

One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other neither gains or loses everything

32
Q

Mutualism

A

Two organisms which both gain from their symbiotic relationship

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

The relationship between multiple organisms living in close proximity

34
Q

Community

A

Different populations of species living in the same area

35
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same proximity

36
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

The white blood cells producing antibodies for targeting pathogens in the 3rd line of defence

37
Q

Antibody

A

A type of protein that can bind to a specific pathogen’s antigens

38
Q

Example of bacteria disease

A

Salmonella
Tuberculosis
Tetanus
Plague
Strep throat
Whooping cough
Meningitis

39
Q

Consumers

A

Animals that get their energy from the food they consume

40
Q

Producer

A

Plants or other organisms which take nutrients from the sun

41
Q

Four processes in the carbon cycle

A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Consumption & assimilation
  3. Respiration & decomposition
  4. Combustion
42
Q

For malaria: major signs and symptoms

A

High fever, headache, nausea, shivering fits, sweating

43
Q

For malaria: 5 example methods of prevention/ control

A

Insecticides
Draining standing water
Antimalarial drugs & vaccination
Bed netting
Protective clothing

44
Q

For malaria:
1. Organism that acts as a host to the pathogen
2. Method of transmission

A
  1. Humans, and mosquitoes
  2. Female mosquito bites of a particular species (feeding on blood)
45
Q

For malaria:
Genus of the pathogen

A

Plasmodium

46
Q

4 processes of nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Ammonification
  2. Nitrogen fixation
  3. Nitrification
  4. Denitrification
47
Q

Food chain general format

A

Producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer

48
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationship

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

49
Q

4 biotic factors

A

Feeding relationships
Competition
Disease
Symbiotic relationships

50
Q

4 abiotic factors

A

Water
Temperature
Atmosphere
Light

51
Q

Give 3 public health measures that affect disease incidence

A

Examples:
Quarantine/ social isolation
Good hygiene
Sanitation facilities
Bed nets
Face masks
Avoiding travel

52
Q

(3) strategies to control the spread of infectious disease

A

-Public health measures
-Immunity (eg. herd immunity via vaccination)
-Medicines

53
Q

6 modes of disease transmission

A

6 modes
Airborne
Direct contact
Water borne
Foodborne
Sexually transmitted
Vector-borne

54
Q

5 major groups of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Multicellular parasites

55
Q

Why are developing countries more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics
(4 reasons)

A

Overcrowding
Malnutrition
Cultural attitudes & practices
Inadequate public health systems

56
Q

Contrast bacteria vs viruses

A

Viruses:
Can only replicate inside cells of other organisms
Are not affected by antibiotic medicines
Are smaller

Bacteria:
Can replicate on their own
Are usually affected by antibiotic medicines
Are larger

Both are:
Type of microbe + pathogen
Able to cause infections

57
Q

Contrast infectious and non-infectious diseases

A

Infectious:

-Caused by pathogens
-Can be passed between individuals

Non-infectious:

-Not caused by pathogens
-Caused by inherited, nutritional, or environmental conditions

58
Q

How the second line of defence fights a pathogen entered the body (3 points)

A

3 POINTS 🫶

  1. Damaged infected tissue releases chemical signs
  2. Blood vessels expand & plasma carries macrophages to inflammation
  3. Macrophages engulf & destroy pathogen by ingesting it > this is called phagocytosis
59
Q

Process of third line of defence (5 points)

A
  1. Pathogen enters & 3rd line of defence tries to identify
  2. B cells look for pathogens in bloodstream
  3. B cells produce specific antibodies for antigens of pathogens, destroying
  4. Memory cells are created
  5. If same infection occurs, memory cells ensure antibodies are created quickly
60
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • Vaccines hold weakened or dead pathogens
    > this triggers the body to produce B cells
    > and memory cells which stay in the body to
    > fight the same pathogen in future
61
Q

causes of non-infectious diseases

A

inherited,
nutritional,
environmental conditions

62
Q

Contrast second and third lines of defence

A

Second line
- non specific
- doesn’t involve antibodies

Third line
- specific
- involves antibodies

63
Q

greenhouse gases

A

-Methane
-Nitrous oxide
-Carbon dioxide

64
Q

Biological control

A

Eliminating a population of invasive species by introducing a predator, competitor, or pathogen

65
Q

biomagnification

A

-increase in concentration of a pollutant along tropic level (increasing as moving up food chain)

66
Q

bioaccumulation

A

-gradual build up of pollutants through lifetime of individual organism

Yr 9 Science (4 decks)

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