Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Pathogenesis Of Parasitic Disease

Question 1

What are the entry routes of parasites?

Answer 1

Oral ingestion, penetration of skin, bite of anthropods, transmission by blood transfusion, congenital, genital tract.

Question 2

What are the exit routes of the parasites?

Answer 2

Faeces, urine, sputum, blood, genital tract.

Question 3

What are disadvantages of a large parasite to a human being?

Answer 3

Prevent phagocytosis, no inflammation, several immunodominant antigens, too many immunomodulatory antigens, complement-mediated lysis not effective.

Question 4

Which parasitic protozoa cause malaria?

Answer 4

Plasmodium.

Question 5

Which parasitic protozoa cause African sleeping sickness?

Answer 5

Trypanosoma brucei subspecies.

Question 6

Which parasitic protozoa cause Chagas disease?

Answer 6

Trypanosoma cruzi.

Question 7

Which parasitic protozoa cause Leishmaniasis?

Answer 7

Leishmania.

Question 8

The giant cestode _____ produces a pernicious anemia due to _____ competition with the host.

Answer 8

Diphyllobothrium latum, vitamin B12.

Question 9

_____ can grow up to a foot in length and can cause severe _____ if enough worm are present.

Answer 9

Ascaris Lumbricoides, intestinal blockage.

Question 10

Which parasites repeatedly probe the intestinal or colon lining trigerring extensive, immunologically mediated inflammatory responses?

Answer 10

Hookworms, Strongyloides and Trichuris.

Question 11

What causes extensive inflammation and eventual fibrosis of affected tissues?

Answer 11

Parasite eggs getting stuck in the tissue while attempting to leave the host.

Question 12

What also causes extensive inflammation, blockage and other various problems?

Answer 12

Large parasites trapped in tissues make pressure on tissues.

Question 13

Why does protozoa generally have very short generational time, how long does it take and are the consequences?

Answer 13

Respectively; asexual reproduction, from several hours (African trypanasomes) to several days (malaria) and places tremendous pressure on host resources with attendant consequences.

Question 14

Why it is that in helminthes worm burden is a greater determinant if pathogenesis?

Answer 14

They are incapable of reproducing within their definitive hosts.

Question 15

In which parasites, respectively;
1.) Fermentation-like end products of pyruvate affect endothelial linings within the host?
2.) Insoluble hemozoin release triggers proinflammatory cytokines that cause fever and impair th functioning of macrophages?
3.) Voracious appetite and wasteful digestive methods cause depletion of the iron in the host resulting in severe anemia?

Answer 15

1.) Trypanosoma spp.
2.) Plasmodium spp.
3.) Hookworms.

Question 16

Many helminthes undergo migration to come in contact with the lung tissue resulting in _____ that manifest as _____ and the symptoms are ____,_____,_____ and _____.

Answer 16

Respectively; Loeffler’s Syndrome, eosinophilic inflammatory response, difficulty breathing, wheeze, coughing, fever.

Question 17

Larval stages of _____ are frequently encountered in brain tissue, resulting in _____.

Answer 17

Taenia solium, neurocysticerosis.

Question 18

The larvae of _____ named parasite try to migrate through human tissues causing _____.

Answer 18

Toxocara canis, visceral larval migrans.

Question 19

In which parasite do antigen, antibody, and complement complexes combine to cause excessive anemia and glomerulonephritis?

Answer 19

African trypanosomiasis.

Question 20

In which parasites do allergic reactions play major role in the cutaneous reactions to invading hookworm?

Answer 20

Strongyloides, Schistosome larvae.

Question 21

In which parasite is transient pneumonias induced by the pulmonary migration?

Answer 21

Ascaris and other nematode larvae (Loeffler’s Syndrome).

Question 22

Which parasite cause nocturnal paroxysms of asthma in some patients?

Answer 22

Filariasis.

Question 23

Which parasite triggers immune-induced inflammatory responses?

Answer 23

Cardiac damage in Chagas disease.

Question 24

What are the innate immunity-cellular defenses?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis, complement system.

Question 25

What does the complement system consist of?

Answer 25

A group of plasma proteins help to destroy pathogens, enhance phagocytosis, membrane attack complex (lyses)

Question 26

What are the extracellular and intracellular components of the humoral immunity?

Answer 26

Extracellular: opsonization, complement-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Intracellular: Neutralization of entry by antibodies.

Question 27

What are the extracellular and intracellular components of the cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 27

Extracellular: Th2 cytokines help in Ab production.
Intracellular: Th1 cytokines activate macrophages for intracellular killing.

Question 28

What happens in Th2 cytokine polarization and which interlukins are involved?

Answer 28

Hyper IgE response, IL-4, 5, 9, and 13

Question 29

What happens when IgE-coated parasites bind to eosinophils and mast cells?

Answer 29

Degranulation of eosinophils and mast cells leads to worm killing and/or expulsion.