Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Pathogenesis Of Parasitic Disease Flashcards
What are the entry routes of parasites?
Oral ingestion, penetration of skin, bite of anthropods, transmission by blood transfusion, congenital, genital tract.
What are the exit routes of the parasites?
Faeces, urine, sputum, blood, genital tract.
What are disadvantages of a large parasite to a human being?
Prevent phagocytosis, no inflammation, several immunodominant antigens, too many immunomodulatory antigens, complement-mediated lysis not effective.
Which parasitic protozoa cause malaria?
Plasmodium.
Which parasitic protozoa cause African sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei subspecies.
Which parasitic protozoa cause Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi.
Which parasitic protozoa cause Leishmaniasis?
Leishmania.
The giant cestode _____ produces a pernicious anemia due to _____ competition with the host.
Diphyllobothrium latum, vitamin B12.
_____ can grow up to a foot in length and can cause severe _____ if enough worm are present.
Ascaris Lumbricoides, intestinal blockage.
Which parasites repeatedly probe the intestinal or colon lining trigerring extensive, immunologically mediated inflammatory responses?
Hookworms, Strongyloides and Trichuris.
What causes extensive inflammation and eventual fibrosis of affected tissues?
Parasite eggs getting stuck in the tissue while attempting to leave the host.
What also causes extensive inflammation, blockage and other various problems?
Large parasites trapped in tissues make pressure on tissues.
Why does protozoa generally have very short generational time, how long does it take and are the consequences?
Respectively; asexual reproduction, from several hours (African trypanasomes) to several days (malaria) and places tremendous pressure on host resources with attendant consequences.
Why it is that in helminthes worm burden is a greater determinant if pathogenesis?
They are incapable of reproducing within their definitive hosts.
In which parasites, respectively;
1.) Fermentation-like end products of pyruvate affect endothelial linings within the host?
2.) Insoluble hemozoin release triggers proinflammatory cytokines that cause fever and impair th functioning of macrophages?
3.) Voracious appetite and wasteful digestive methods cause depletion of the iron in the host resulting in severe anemia?
1.) Trypanosoma spp.
2.) Plasmodium spp.
3.) Hookworms.
Many helminthes undergo migration to come in contact with the lung tissue resulting in _____ that manifest as _____ and the symptoms are ____,_____,_____ and _____.
Respectively; Loeffler’s Syndrome, eosinophilic inflammatory response, difficulty breathing, wheeze, coughing, fever.
Larval stages of _____ are frequently encountered in brain tissue, resulting in _____.
Taenia solium, neurocysticerosis.
The larvae of _____ named parasite try to migrate through human tissues causing _____.
Toxocara canis, visceral larval migrans.
In which parasite do antigen, antibody, and complement complexes combine to cause excessive anemia and glomerulonephritis?
African trypanosomiasis.
In which parasites do allergic reactions play major role in the cutaneous reactions to invading hookworm?
Strongyloides, Schistosome larvae.
In which parasite is transient pneumonias induced by the pulmonary migration?
Ascaris and other nematode larvae (Loeffler’s Syndrome).
Which parasite cause nocturnal paroxysms of asthma in some patients?
Filariasis.
Which parasite triggers immune-induced inflammatory responses?
Cardiac damage in Chagas disease.
What are the innate immunity-cellular defenses?
Phagocytosis, complement system.
