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Med > Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Bioterrorism > Flashcards

Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Bioterrorism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of the Category A biological traits?

A
  • Easily disseminated/transmitted from person to person
  • High mortality rates
  • Have the potential for major health impact
  • Public panic and social disruption
  • Require special action for public health preparedness
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2
Q

What are the agents of category A?

A
  • Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
  • Botulism (Clostiridium botulinum toxin)
  • Plague (Yersinia pestis)
  • Smallpox (Variola major)
  • Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
  • Viral hemorrhagic fevers:
    • Arenaviruses
    • Bunyaviridae
    • Filoviridae
    • Flaviviridae
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3
Q

What are the features of Category B biological threats?

A
  • Moderately easy to disseminate
  • Moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
  • Require specific enhancements of diagnostic methods and enhanced disease surveillance
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4
Q

What are the pulmonary and the non-pulmonary agents of category b?

A

PULMONARY AGENTS:
- Glanders (Burkholderia mallei )
- Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei )
- Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci )
- Q fever (Coxiella burnetii )
- Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)

NONPULMONARY AGENTS:
- Brucellosis (Brucella species)
- Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
- Food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species, Escherichia coli
O157 : H7, Shigella)
- Staphylococcal enterotoxin B

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5
Q

What are the features of category c biologic threats?

A
  • Availability
  • Ease of production and dissemination
  • Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
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6
Q

What are the agents of category c?

A
  • Influenza (novel strain)
  • Nipah virus
  • Typhus disease (Rickettsia prowazekii)
  • Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses [e.g., Venezuelan equine
    encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis])
  • Water safety threats (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidiumparvum)
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7
Q

Anthrax is caused by a sporulating _____ rod, _____.

A

Gram-positive, Bacillus Anthracis.

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8
Q

How does Anthrax occur?

A
  • Spore form is introduced subcutaneously or via inhalation.
  • Becomes the vegetative (bacillus) form.
  • Starts replication.
  • Endotoxin secretion, along with a thick capsule that avoids phagocytosis, leads to local spread, edema,hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
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9
Q

What are the three types of anthrax? (For the clinical representation check the slide)

A
  • Inhalation Antharax
  • Cutaneous Anthrax
  • Gastrointestinal Anthrax
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10
Q

How is the diagnosis of Anthrax made?

A

By the culture of;
- Blood
- Sputum
- Pleural fluid
- cerebrospinal fluid
- skin

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11
Q

How is the treatment of Anthrax made?

A

With;
- Ciprofloxacin
- Doxycyclin

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12
Q

_____ is the causative agent of smallpox and is a member of the _____ family.

A

Variola virus, Poxviridae.

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13
Q

_____ is the etiologic agent of plague.

A

Yersinia Pestis.

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14
Q

How does the plague transmit?

A
  • Rodent-infected flea bites
  • İnfected animal scratches or bites
  • Exposure to infected humans
  • Bioterrorism
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of the bubonic plague?

A
  • Sudden onset of fevers
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Pain and swelling in the regional lymph nodes proximal to the site of the bite or scratch
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16
Q

A bubo is characterised by intense _____ with _____ and _____. Fluctuation test is _____.

A

Tenderness, erythema, edema, negative.

17
Q

Septicemic plague occurs with _____ followed by _____ without the presence of a _____.

A

Acute fever, sepsis, bubo.

18
Q

Pneumonic plague, has short _____ and rapidly develops _____.

A

Incubation period, ARDS.

19
Q

Diagnosis of plague?

A

-Culture of blood or sputum
- Serology
- Rapid diagnostic testing by ELISA or PCR

20
Q

Treatment of plague?

A
  • Streptomycin
  • Gentamycin
  • Doxycycline
21
Q

Tularemia is caused by the _____ and is a _____ disease, with humans as accidental hosts.

A

Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, zoonotic

22
Q

In Tularemia, human-to-human infection does not occur. But, how does it transmit to humans?

A
  • Contact with ticks and flies
  • Handling infected animals
  • Improperly prepared animal meat
  • Animal scratches and bites
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Aerosolization of the organism from the environment
  • In bioterrorism
23
Q

What are the six patterns of Tularemia?

A
  • Ulceroglandular Tularemia
  • Glandular Tularemia
  • Pneumonic Tularemia
  • Oropharyneal Tularemia
  • Oculoglandular Tularemia
24
Q

The most potent lethal substance known to man, Botulism, is made by the spores of _____ that are found in the soil worldwide.

A

Clostridium Botulinum.

25
Q

Botulinum can be used as an _____ to contaminate food.

A

Aerosol weapon

26
Q

What are the three main types of Botulism?

A
  • Foodborne Botulism: İngestion of PRE-FORMED toxin that leads to illness within a few hours to days. (public health emergency)
  • Infant Botulism
  • Wound Botulism
27
Q

Botulism cannot spread from person-to-person. But can result in death due to _____ if appropriate medical care is not available

A

Respiratory failure

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

A
  • Double vision
  • Blurred vision
  • Drooping eyelids
  • Slurred speech
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Dry mouth
  • Muscle weakness which always descends the body:first shoulders, then upper arms, then lower arms, then thigh, calves, etc.
  • Paralysis of breathing muscles can cause a person to stop breathing and die, unless he/she is assisted by a ventilator.
29
Q

What is the role the public health system? (Check the initial and the continued response for BT from the slide)

A
  • Being Prepared
  • Education of medical community
  • Education of public
  • Training of special response teams
  • Participation in exercises for different scenarios
  • Development of communication systems
  • Development of interagency protocols

Med (5 decks)

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